Male Infertility

Infertility is defined by the WHO as the inability of a non-contracepting, sexually active couple to achieve pregnancy in 1 year, and it affects 15% of the couples in Western industrialized European countries [1]. The prevalence of primary infertility, to conceive a first child, affects one in eight couples, and that of secondary infertility (to conceive a subsequent child) affects one in six. A male-associated factor can be found in ~50% of infertile relationships, mostly in the form of abnormal semen parameters. Recent advances allow to father a child for those men who previously had no chance of this [2]. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.