@article{MTMT:32534190,
	title = {Photoprotection and high-light acclimation in semi-arid grassland lichens – a cooperation between algal and fungal partners},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/32534190},
	author = {Veres, Katalin and Csintalan, Zsolt and Laufer, Zsanett and Engel, Rita and Szabó, Krisztina and Farkas, Edit},
	doi = {10.1007/s13199-021-00823-y},
	journal-iso = {SYMBIOSIS},
	journal = {SYMBIOSIS},
	volume = {86},
	unique-id = {32534190},
	issn = {0334-5114},
	abstract = {In lichens, each symbiotic partner cooperates for the survival of the symbiotic association. The protection of the susceptible photosynthetic apparatus is essential for both participants. The mycobiont and photobiont contribute to the protection against the damaging effect of excess light by various mechanisms. The present study investigated the effect of seasonality and microhabitat exposure on photoprotection and photoacclimation in the photo- and the mycobiont of six lichen species with different thallus morphology in inland dune system in the Kiskunság region (Hungary) with shaded, more humid and exposed, drier dune sides. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, spectrophotometry, chlorophyll <jats:italic>a</jats:italic> fluorescence kinetic technique were used, and micrometeorological data were collected. The four years data series revealed that the north-east-facing side was characterized by higher relative humidity and lower light intensities compared to the south-west-facing drier and more exposed sides. The south-west facing side was exposed to direct illumination 3–4 hours longer in winter and 1–2 hours shorter in summer than the north-east facing side of the dune, influencing the metabolism of sun and shade populations of various species. Because rapid desiccation caused short active periods of lichens during bright and drier seasons and on exposed microhabitats, the rapid, non-regulated non-photochemical quenching mechanisms in the photobiont had a significant role in protecting the photosynthetic system in the hydrated state. In dehydrated conditions, thalli were mainly defended by the solar screening metabolites produced by the mycobiont and curling during desiccation (also caused by the mycobiont). Furthermore, the efficacy of light use (higher chlorophyll and carotenoid concentration) increased because of short hydrated periods. Still, a lower level of received irradiation was appropriate for photosynthesis in dry seasons and on sun exposed habitats. In humid seasons and microhabitats, more extended active periods lead to increased photosynthesis and production of solar radiation protectant fungal metabolites, allowing a lower level of photoprotection in the form of regulated non-photochemical quenching by the photobiont. Interspecific differences were more pronounced than the intraspecific ones among seasons and microhabitat types.},
	year = {2022},
	eissn = {1878-7665},
	pages = {33-48},
	orcid-numbers = {Farkas, Edit/0000-0002-5245-1079}
}

@article{MTMT:33077671,
	title = {The long-term effect of removing the UV-protectant usnic acid from the thalli of the lichen Cladonia foliacea},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/33077671},
	author = {Veres, Katalin and Sinigla, Mónika and Szabó, Krisztina and Varga, Nóra and Farkas, Edit},
	doi = {10.1007/s11557-022-01831-y},
	journal-iso = {MYCOL PROG},
	journal = {MYCOLOGICAL PROGRESS},
	volume = {21},
	unique-id = {33077671},
	issn = {1617-416X},
	abstract = {Terricolous lichens are abundant in semi-arid areas, where they are exposed to high irradiation. Photoprotection is essential for the algae as the photobiont provides the primer carbon source for both symbionts. The UV-protectant lichen metabolites and different quenching procedures of the alga ensure adequate photoprotection. Since the long-term effect of diminishing UV-protectant lichen metabolites is unknown, a major part of lichen secondary metabolites was removed from Cladonia foliacea thalli by acetone rinsing, and the lichens were then maintained under field conditions to investigate the effect on both symbionts for 3 years. Our aim was to determine if the decreased level of UV-protectant metabolites caused an elevated photoprotection in the algae and to reveal the dynamics of production of the metabolites. Photosynthetic activity and light protection were checked by chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics measurements every 6 months. The concentrations of fumarprotocetraric and usnic acids were monitored by chromatographic methods. Our results proved that seasonality had a more pronounced effect than that of acetone treatment on the function of lichens over a long-term scale. Even after 3 years, the acetone-treated thalli contained half as much usnic acid as the control thalli, and the level of photoprotection remained unchanged in the algae. However, the amount of available humidity was a more critical limiting environmental factor than the amount of incoming irradiation affecting usnic acid production. The lichenicolous fungus Didymocyrtis cladoniicola became relatively more abundant in the acetone-treated samples than in the control samples, indicating a slight change caused by the treatment.},
	year = {2022},
	eissn = {1861-8952},
	orcid-numbers = {Sinigla, Mónika/0000-0003-4366-9292; Varga, Nóra/0000-0001-9620-8858; Farkas, Edit/0000-0002-5245-1079}
}

@article{MTMT:32164754,
	title = {Insecticidal and Antiprotozoal Properties of Lichen Secondary Metabolites on Insect Vectors and Their Transmitted Protozoal Diseases to Humans},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/32164754},
	author = {Muhoro, Arthur and Farkas, Edit},
	doi = {10.3390/d13080342},
	journal-iso = {DIVERSITY-BASEL},
	journal = {DIVERSITY (BASEL)},
	volume = {13},
	unique-id = {32164754},
	abstract = {Since the long-term application of synthetic chemicals as insecticides and the chemotherapy of protozoal diseases have had various negative effects (non-target effects, resistance), research on less harmful biological products is underway. This review is focused on lichens with potential insecticidal and antiprotozoal activity. Literature sources (27) were surveyed from five bibliographic databases and analyzed according to the taxonomic group of the insect, the protozoal disease and the lichen, the type of bioactive compounds (including method of application and mount applied), and the potential bioactivity based on mortalities caused after 24 h of exposure on insects and on parasitic protozoa. Six species of protozoa and five species of mosquitoes, three kinds of larval stages of insects and three protozoa stages were tested. Insecticidal and antiprotozoal effects of crude extracts and seven lichen secondary metabolites (mostly usnic acid) of 32 lichen species were determined. Physiological and morphological changes on parasitic protozoa were observed. Mortality rates caused by LSMs on insect vectors closer to (or somewhat above) the WHO threshold were considered to be insecticides. The results are based on laboratory experiments; however, the efficacy of metabolites should be confirmed in the field and on non-human primates to control the insect vectors and human protozoal diseases transmitted by insects.},
	year = {2021},
	eissn = {1424-2818},
	orcid-numbers = {Farkas, Edit/0000-0002-5245-1079}
}

@article{MTMT:31394619,
	title = {The amount of lichen secondary metabolites in Cladonia foliacea (Cladoniaceae, lichenised Ascomycota)},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/31394619},
	author = {Farkas, Edit and Biró, Bernadett and Szabó, K. and Veres, Katalin and Csintalan, Zsolt and Engel, Rita},
	doi = {10.1556/034.62.2020.1-2.4},
	journal-iso = {ACTA BOT HUNG},
	journal = {ACTA BOTANICA HUNGARICA},
	volume = {62},
	unique-id = {31394619},
	issn = {0236-6495},
	abstract = {The terricolous species <jats:italic>Cladonia foliacea</jats:italic> (Cladoniaceae, lichenised Ascomycota) widely distributed in open, dry lowland steppe and rocky mountain grassland vegetation in Europe was chosen as a potential test organism for ecological experiments, since their thalli are producing cortical solar radiation-protective and UV screening pigment dibenzofuran usnic acid and medullary secondary substance depsidone fumarprotocetraric acid. Significant seasonal differences were found in the amounts of lichen secondary metabolites analysed by HPTLC and HPLC-PDA between summer and winter collected thalli in sandy grassland area in Hungary. The concentrations of usnic acid varied between 7.34 and 15.52 mg/g in summer collected samples and 13.90 and 21.61 mg/g in winter collected ones. A comparable amount (11.61±0.29 mg/g) was measured in pulverised samples. The concentrations of fumarprotocetraric acid varied between 0.60 and 3.01 mg/g in summer collected samples and 2.26 and 5.81 mg/g in winter collected thalli. A comparable amount (2.45±0.21 mg/g) was found in pulverised samples. The range of concentration values is comparable with data known from lichens. A higher amount of usnic acid is produced in winter probably to ensure sufficient protection also for summer. The fumarprotocetraric acid content of the medulla might contribute to the solar irradiation reflecting role of the pale lower surface lobes turning upwards in dry condition.},
	year = {2020},
	eissn = {1588-2578},
	pages = {33-48},
	orcid-numbers = {Farkas, Edit/0000-0002-5245-1079}
}

@article{MTMT:31394621,
	title = {Acetone rinsing tolerance of the lichen species Cladonia foliacea is considerable},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/31394621},
	author = {Farkas, Edit and Biró, Bernadett and Csintalan, Zsolt and Veres, Katalin},
	doi = {10.1017/S0024282920000237},
	journal-iso = {LICHENOLOGIST},
	journal = {LICHENOLOGIST},
	volume = {52},
	unique-id = {31394621},
	issn = {0024-2829},
	year = {2020},
	eissn = {1096-1135},
	pages = {325-327},
	orcid-numbers = {Farkas, Edit/0000-0002-5245-1079}
}

@article{MTMT:1416453,
	title = {Depsides and depsidones in populations of the lichen Hypogymnia physodes and its genetic diversity.},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/1416453},
	author = {Molnár, Katalin and Farkas, Edit},
	doi = {10.5735/085.048.0605},
	journal-iso = {ANN BOT FENN},
	journal = {ANNALES BOTANICI FENNICI},
	volume = {48},
	unique-id = {1416453},
	issn = {0003-3847},
	year = {2011},
	eissn = {1797-2442},
	pages = {473-482},
	orcid-numbers = {Farkas, Edit/0000-0002-5245-1079}
}

@article{MTMT:1632124,
	title = {Current Results on Biological Activities of Lichen Secondary Metabolites: a Review},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/1632124},
	author = {Molnár, Katalin and Farkas, Edit},
	doi = {10.1515/znc-2010-3-401},
	journal-iso = {Z NATURFORSCH C},
	journal = {ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR NATURFORSCHUNG C-A JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES},
	volume = {65},
	unique-id = {1632124},
	issn = {0939-5075},
	year = {2010},
	eissn = {1865-7125},
	pages = {157-173},
	orcid-numbers = {Farkas, Edit/0000-0002-5245-1079}
}