@article{MTMT:2083404,
	title = {Amplified hazard of small-volume monogenetic eruptions due to environmental controls, Orakei Basin, Auckland Volcanic Field, New Zealand},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/2083404},
	author = {Németh, Károly and Cronin, SJ and Smith, IEM and Agustin, Flores J},
	doi = {10.1007/s00445-012-0653-6},
	journal-iso = {B VOLCANOL},
	journal = {BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY},
	volume = {74},
	unique-id = {2083404},
	issn = {0258-8900},
	abstract = {Orakei maar and tuff ring in the Auckland Volcanic Field is an example of a basaltic volcano in which the style and impacts of the eruption of a small volume of magma were modulated by a fine balance between magma flux and groundwater availability. These conditions were optimised by the pre-85 ka eruption being hosted in a zone of fractured and variably permeable Plio-Pleistocene mudstones and sandstones. Orakei maar represents an end-member in the spectrum of short-lived basaltic volcanoes, where substrate conditions rather than the magmatic volatile content was the dominant factor controlling explosivity and eruption styles. The eruption excavated a crater ≫80 m deep that was subsequently filled by slumped crater wall material, followed by lacustrine and marine sediments. The explosion crater may have been less than 800 m in diameter, but wall collapse and wave erosion has left a 1,000-m-diameter roughly circular basin. A tuff ring around part of the maar comprises dominantly base surge deposits, along with subordinate fall units. Grain size, texture and shape characteristics indicate a strong influence of magma-water and magma-mud interactions that controlled explosivity throughout the eruption, but also an ongoing secondary role of magmatic gas-driven expansion and fragmentation. The tuff contains >70 % of material recycled from the underlying Plio-Pliestocene sediments, which is strongly predominant in the >2 φ{symbol} fraction. The magmatic clasts are evolved alkali basalt, consistent with the eruption of a very small batch of magma. The environmental impact of this eruption was disproportionally large, when considering the low volume of magma involved (DRE < 0.003 km 3). Hence, this eruption exemplifies one of the worst-case scenarios for an eruption within the densely populated Auckland City, destroying an area of ~3 km 2 by crater formation and base surge impact. An equivalent scenario for the same magma conditions without groundwater interaction would yield a scoria/spatter cone with a diameter of 400-550 m, destroying less than a tenth of the area affected by the Orakei event. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.},
	keywords = {phreatomagmatic eruptions; Orakei Basin; Basaltic monogenetic volcanoes},
	year = {2012},
	eissn = {1432-0819},
	pages = {2121-2137}
}

@article{MTMT:21749655,
	title = {Blocky versus fluidal peperite textures developed in volcanic conduits, vents and crater lakes of phreatomagmatic volcanoes in Mio/Pliocene volcanic fields of Western Hungary},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/21749655},
	author = {Martin, U and Németh, Károly},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.06.010},
	journal-iso = {J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH},
	volume = {159},
	unique-id = {21749655},
	issn = {0377-0273},
	abstract = {Volcanic fields in the Pannonian Basin, Western Hungary, comprise several Mio/Pliocene volcaniclastic successions that are penetrated by numerous mafic intrusions. Peperite formed where intrusive and extrusive basaltic magma mingled with tuff, lapilli-tuff, and non-volcanic siliciclastic sediments within vent zones. Peperite is more common in the Pannonian Basin than generally realised and may be also important in other settings where sediment sequences accumulate during active volcanism. Hajagos-hegy, an erosional remnant of a maar volcano, was subsequently occupied by a lava lake that interacted with unconsolidated sediments in the maar basin and formed both blocky and globular peperite. Similar peperite developed in Kissomlyo, a small tuff ring remnant, where dykes invaded lake sediments that formed within a tuff ring. Lava foot peperite from both Hajagos-hegy and Kissomlyo were formed when small lava flows travelled over wet sediments in craters of phreatomagmatic volcanoes. At Sag-hegy, a large phreatomagmatic volcanic complex, peperite formed along the margin of a coherent intrusion. All peperite in this study could be described as globular or blocky peperite. Globular and blocky types in the studied fields occur together regardless of the host sediment. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	year = {2007},
	eissn = {1872-6097},
	pages = {164-178}
}

@article{MTMT:1384541,
	title = {Shallow sill and dyke complex in western Hungary as a possible feeding system of phreatomagmatic volcanoes in "soft-rock" environment},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/1384541},
	author = {Németh, Károly and Martin, U},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.06.014},
	journal-iso = {J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF VOLCANOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH},
	volume = {159},
	unique-id = {1384541},
	issn = {0377-0273},
	abstract = {Neogene alkaline basaltic rocks in the western Pannonian Basin are eroded remnants of maars, tuff rings, tuff cones, scoria cones and lava fields. The erosion level of these volcanoes is deep enough to expose diatreme zones associated with the phreatomagmatic volcanoes. The erosion level is deeper yet in the west, exposing shallow dyke and sill swarms related to former intra-plate volcanoes. The basanitic sills are irregular in shape and their lateral extent is highly variable. Individual sills reach a thickness of a few tens of metres and they commonly form dome-like structures with rosette-like radial columnar joint patterns. The largest sill system identified in this region is traceable over kilometres, and forms a characteristic ridge running north-east to southwest. Elevation differences in the position of the basanitic sills within an otherwise undisturbed "layer cake-like" siliciclastic succession indicate emplacement of the basanite magma at multiple levels over kilometre-scale distances. The margins of sills in the system are irregular at a dm-to-mm-scale. Undulating contacts of the sills together with gentle thermal alteration in the host sediment over cm-to-dm distances indicate the soft, but not necessarily wet state of the host deposits at the time sills were intruded. Parts of the sill complex show a complicated relationship with the host sediment in form of peperitic zones and irregularly shaped, disrupted, peperite textures. This is interpreted to reflect inhomogenities in water content and rheology of the siliciclastic deposits during intrusion. The current summit of the longest continuous ridge preserves a small diatreme that seems to cut through an otherwise disk-like sill indicating of relationship between sill emplacement and phreatomagmatic explosive eruptions. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	year = {2007},
	eissn = {1872-6097},
	pages = {138-152}
}