TY  - JOUR
AU  - Hayes, B
AU  - Siptár, Péter
AU  - Zuraw, K
AU  - Londe, ZS
TI  - Natural and unnatural constraints in Hungarian vowel harmony
JF  - LANGUAGE
J2  - LANGUAGE
VL  - 85
PY  - 2009
IS  - 4
SP  - 822
EP  - 863
PG  - 42
SN  - 0097-8507
DO  - 10.1353/lan.0.0169
UR  - https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/196920
ID  - 196920
LA  - English
DB  - MTMT
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Sluijter, AMC
AU  - van Heuven, Vincent Johan Jacobus Petrus
TI  - Spectral balance as an acoustic correlate of linguistic stress
JF  - JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
J2  - J ACOUST SOC AM
VL  - 100
PY  - 1996
IS  - 4
SP  - 2471
EP  - 2485
PG  - 15
SN  - 0001-4966
DO  - 10.1121/1.417955
UR  - https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/2491487
ID  - 2491487
AB  - Although intensity has been reported as a reliable acoustical correlate of stress, it is generally considered a weak cue in the perception of linguistic stress. In natural speech stressed syllables are produced with more vocal effort. It is known that, if a speaker produces more vocal effort, higher frequencies increase more than lower frequencies. In this study, the effects of lexical stress on intensity are examined in the abstraction from the confounding accent variation. A production study was carried out in which ten speakers produced Dutch lexical and reiterant disyllabic minimal stress pairs spoken with and without an accent in a fixed carrier sentence. Duration, overall intensity, formant frequencies, and spectral levels in four contiguous frequency bands were measured. Results revealed that intensity differences as a function of stress are mainly located above 0.5 kHz, i.e., a change in spectral balance emphasizing higher frequencies for stressed vowels. Furthermore, we showed that the intensity differences in the higher regions are caused by an increase in physiological effort rather than by shifting formant frequencies due to stress. The potential of each acoustic correlate of stress to differentiate between initial- and final-stressed words was examined by linear discriminant analysis. Duration proved the most reliable correlate of stress. Overall intensity and vowel quality are the poorest cues. Spectral balance, however, turned out to be a reliable cue, close in strength to duration.
LA  - English
DB  - MTMT
ER  -