@article{MTMT:109884,
	title = {Asynchronous transmitter release from cholecystokinin-containing inhibitory interneurons is widespread and target-cell independent},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/109884},
	author = {Daw, MI and Tricoire, L and Erdélyi, Ferenc and Szabó, Gábor and McBain, CJ},
	doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5760-08.2009},
	journal-iso = {J NEUROSCI},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE},
	volume = {29},
	unique-id = {109884},
	issn = {0270-6474},
	abstract = {Neurotransmitter release at most central synapses is synchronized to the timing of presynaptic action potentials. Here, we show that three classes of depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition-expressing, cholecystokinin (CCK)-containing, hippocampal interneurons show highly asynchronous release in response to trains of action potentials. This asynchrony is correlated to the class of presynaptic interneuron but is unrelated to their postsynaptic cell target. Asynchronous and synchronous release from CCK-containing interneurons show a slightly different calcium dependence, such that the proportion of asynchronous release increases with external calcium concentration, possibly suggesting that the modes of release are mediated by different calcium sensors. Asynchronous IPSCs include very large (up to 500 pA/7nS) amplitude events, which persist in low extracellular calcium and strontium, showing that they result from quantal transmitter release at single release sites. Finally, we show that asynchronous release is prominent in response to trains of presynaptic spikes that mimic natural activity of CCK-containing interneurons. That asynchronous release from CCK-containing interneurons is a widespread phenomenon indicates a fundamental role for these cells within the hippocampal network that is distinct from the phasic inhibition provided by parvalbumin-containing interneurons.},
	year = {2009},
	eissn = {1529-2401},
	pages = {11112-11122}
}

@article{MTMT:2966600,
	title = {NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation in mouse hippocampal interneurons shows a unique dependence on Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinases.},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/2966600},
	author = {Lamsa, Karri and Irvine, EE and Giese, KP and Kullmann, DM},
	doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2007.137380},
	journal-iso = {J PHYSIOL-LONDON},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON},
	volume = {584},
	unique-id = {2966600},
	issn = {0022-3751},
	abstract = {Long-term potentiation (LTP) of excitatory synaptic transmission plays a major role in memory encoding in the cerebral cortex. It can be elicited at many synapses on principal cells, where it depends on Ca(2+) influx through postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Ca(2+) influx triggers phosphorylation of several kinases, in particular Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase type II (CaMKII). Auto-phosphorylation of CaMKII is a key step in the LTP induction cascade, as revealed by the absence of LTP in hippocampal pyramidal neurons of alphaCaMKII T286A-mutant mice, where auto-phosphorylation of the alpha isoform at residue T286 is prevented. A subset of hippocampal interneurons mediating feed-forward inhibition also exhibit NMDA receptor-dependent LTP, which shows all the cardinal features of Hebbian LTP in pyramidal neurons. This is unexpected, because alphaCaMKII has not been detected in interneurons. Here we show that pathway-specific NMDA receptor-dependent LTP is intact in hippocampal inhibitory interneurons of alphaCaMKII T286A-mutant mice, although in pyramidal cells it is blocked. However, LTP in interneurons is blocked by broad-spectrum pharmacological inhibition of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinases. The results suggest that non-alpha Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinases substitute for the alpha isoform in NMDA receptor-dependent LTP in interneurons.},
	keywords = {Animals; MUTATION; MICE; Hippocampus/*cytology; Electrophysiology; gene expression regulation; Neurons/*metabolism; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*physiology; Long-Term Potentiation/*physiology; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/*genetics/metabolism},
	year = {2007},
	eissn = {1469-7793},
	pages = {885-894},
	orcid-numbers = {Lamsa, Karri/0000-0002-4609-1337}
}

@article{MTMT:3322306,
	title = {Expression pattern of voltage-dependent calcium channel subunits in hippocampal inhibitory neurons in mice},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/3322306},
	author = {Vinet, J and Sík, Attila},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.07.019},
	journal-iso = {NEUROSCIENCE},
	journal = {NEUROSCIENCE},
	volume = {143},
	unique-id = {3322306},
	issn = {0306-4522},
	year = {2006},
	eissn = {1873-7544},
	pages = {189-212}
}

@article{MTMT:109559,
	title = {Complementary roles of cholecystokinin- and parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic neurons in hippocampal network oscillations},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/109559},
	author = {Klausberger, T and Marton, LF and O, Neill J and Huck, JH and Dalezios, Y and Fuentealba, P and Suen, WY and Papp, Edit and Kaneko, T and Watanabe, M and Csicsvari, J and Somogyi, Péter Pál},
	doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3269-05.2005},
	journal-iso = {J NEUROSCI},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE},
	volume = {25},
	unique-id = {109559},
	issn = {0270-6474},
	abstract = {In the hippocampal CA1 area, a relatively homogenous population of pyramidal cells is accompanied by a diversity of GABAergic interneurons. Previously, we found that parvalbumin-expressing basket, axo-axonic, bistratified, and oriens-lacunosum moleculare cells, innervating different domains of pyramidal cells, have distinct firing patterns during network oscillations in vivo. A second family of interneurons, expressing cholecystokinin but not parvalbumin, is known to target the same domains of pyramidal cells as do the parvalbumin cells. To test the temporal activity of these independent and parallel GABAergic inputs, we recorded the precise spike timing of identified cholecystokinin interneurons during hippocampal network oscillations in anesthetized rats and determined their molecular expression profiles and synaptic targets. The cells were cannabinoid receptor type 1 immunopositive. Contrary to the stereotyped firing of parvalbumin interneurons, cholecystokinin-expressing basket and dendrite-innervating cells discharge, on average, with 1.7 +/- 2.0 Hz during high-frequency ripple oscillations in an episode- dependent manner. During theta oscillations, cholecystokinin-expressing interneurons fire with 8.8 +/- 3.3 Hz at a characteristic time on the ascending phase of theta waves (155 +/- 81), when place cells start firing in freely moving animals. The firing patterns of some interneurons recorded in drug- free behaving rats were similar to cholecystokinin cells in anesthetized animals. Our results demonstrate that cholecystokinin- and parvalbumin- expressing interneurons make different contributions to network oscillations and play distinct roles in different brain states. We suggest that the specific spike timing of cholecystokinin interneurons and their sensitivity to endocannabinoids might contribute to differentiate subgroups of pyramidal cells forming neuronal assemblies, whereas parvalbumin interneurons contribute to synchronizing the entire network.},
	year = {2005},
	eissn = {1529-2401},
	pages = {9782-9793}
}

@article{MTMT:2966602,
	title = {Hebbian LTP in feed-forward inhibitory interneurons and the temporal fidelity of input discrimination.},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/2966602},
	author = {Lamsa, Karri and Heeroma, JH and Kullmann, DM},
	doi = {10.1038/nn1486},
	journal-iso = {NAT NEUROSCI},
	journal = {NATURE NEUROSCIENCE},
	volume = {8},
	unique-id = {2966602},
	issn = {1097-6256},
	abstract = {Cortical information processing requires a delicate balance of excitatory and inhibitory signaling. How is this balance preserved during hippocampal memory encoding, which involves NMDA receptor-dependent long term potentiation (LTP)? This form of LTP occurs at synapses between pyramidal neurons but has not been detected in feed-forward inhibitory interneurons. We show that paired pre- and postsynaptic activity evokes pathway-specific LTP in half of rat stratum radiatum interneurons if cytoplasmic integrity is preserved. LTP occurs in aspiny feed-forward interneurons and propagates to pyramidal neurons as an enhancement of disynaptic inhibition. We also show that when LTP is restricted to synapses on pyramidal neurons, the temporal fidelity of synaptic integration and action potential generation in pyramidal cells is compromised. However, when LTP also occurs at synapses on feed-forward interneurons, temporal fidelity is preserved. We propose that Hebbian LTP at synapses driving disynaptic inhibition is necessary to maintain information processing without degradation during memory encoding.},
	keywords = {Animals; Male; RATS; Neural Inhibition/*physiology; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Electrophysiology; Time Factors; SYNAPSES; Presynaptic Terminals; Hippocampus/*physiology; Interneurons/*physiology; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology; Memory/*physiology; Discrimination (Psychology)/*physiology; Long-Term Potentiation/*physiology; Cytoplasm/physiology; In Vitro Techniques},
	year = {2005},
	eissn = {1546-1726},
	pages = {916-924},
	orcid-numbers = {Lamsa, Karri/0000-0002-4609-1337}
}

@article{MTMT:109502,
	title = {Distance-dependent scaling of calcium transients evoked by backpropagating spikes and synaptic activity in dendrites of hippocampal interneurons},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/109502},
	author = {Rózsa J., Balázs and Zelles, Tibor and Vizi, E. Szilveszter and Lendvai, Balázs},
	doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3906-03.2004},
	journal-iso = {J NEUROSCI},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE},
	volume = {24},
	unique-id = {109502},
	issn = {0270-6474},
	year = {2004},
	eissn = {1529-2401},
	pages = {661-670},
	orcid-numbers = {Zelles, Tibor/0000-0002-0357-0469; Vizi, E. Szilveszter/0000-0002-9557-4597}
}

@article{MTMT:1442916,
	title = {Ca2+ imaging of mouse neocortical interneurone dendrites: Ia-type K+ channels control action potential backpropagation.},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/1442916},
	author = {Goldberg, JH and Tamás, Gábor and Yuste, R},
	doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2003.042580},
	journal-iso = {J PHYSIOL-LONDON},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON},
	volume = {551},
	unique-id = {1442916},
	issn = {0022-3751},
	abstract = {GABAergic interneurones are essential in cortical processing, yet the functional properties of their dendrites are still poorly understood. In this first study, we combined two-photon calcium imaging with whole-cell recording and anatomical reconstructions to examine the calcium dynamics during action potential (AP) backpropagation in three types of V1 supragranular interneurones: parvalbumin-positive fast spikers (FS), calretinin-positive irregular spikers (IS), and adapting cells (AD). Somatically generated APs actively backpropagated into the dendritic tree and evoked instantaneous calcium accumulations. Although voltage-gated calcium channels were expressed throughout the dendritic arbor, calcium signals during backpropagation of both single APs and AP trains were restricted to proximal dendrites. This spatial control of AP backpropagation was mediated by Ia-type potassium currents and could be mitigated by by previous synaptic activity. Further, we observed supralinear summation of calcium signals in synaptically activated dendritic compartments. Together, these findings indicate that in interneurons, dendritic AP propagation is synaptically regulated. We propose that interneurones have a perisomatic and a distal dendritic functional compartment, with different integrative functions.},
	keywords = {Animals; MICE; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/physiology; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Synapses/physiology; electric conductivity; Action Potentials; Visual Cortex/cytology/metabolism; Potassium Channels/*physiology; Interneurons/classification/*metabolism; Dendrites/*metabolism/physiology; Calcium Channels/physiology; Calcium/*metabolism/physiology; Neocortex/cytology/*metabolism},
	year = {2003},
	eissn = {1469-7793},
	pages = {49-65},
	orcid-numbers = {Tamás, Gábor/0000-0002-7905-6001}
}

@article{MTMT:2138091,
	title = {Brain-state- and cell-type-specific firing of hippocampal interneurons in vivo.},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/2138091},
	author = {Klausberger, T and Magill, PJ and Marton, LF and Roberts, JD and Cobden, PM and Buzsáki, György and Somogyi, Péter Pál},
	doi = {10.1038/nature01374},
	journal-iso = {NATURE},
	journal = {NATURE},
	volume = {421},
	unique-id = {2138091},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	abstract = {Neural-network oscillations at distinct frequencies have been implicated in the encoding, consolidation and retrieval of information in the hippocampus. Some GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)-containing interneurons fire phase-locked to theta oscillations (4-8 Hz) or to sharp-wave-associated ripple oscillations (120-200 Hz), which represent different behavioural states. Interneurons also entrain pyramidal cells in vitro. The large diversity of interneurons poses the question of whether they have specific roles in shaping distinct network activities in vivo. Here we report that three distinct interneuron types--basket, axo-axonic and oriens-lacunosum-moleculare cells--visualized and defined by synaptic connectivity as well as by neurochemical markers, contribute differentially to theta and ripple oscillations in anaesthetized rats. The firing patterns of individual cells of the same class are remarkably stereotyped and provide unique signatures for each class. We conclude that the diversity of interneurons, innervating distinct domains of pyramidal cells, emerged to coordinate the activity of pyramidal cells in a temporally distinct and brain-state-dependent manner.},
	keywords = {Animals; Male; RATS; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Electrophysiology; Organ Specificity; Theta Rhythm/drug effects; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism; *Anesthesia; Atropine/pharmacology; Pyramidal Cells/cytology/drug effects/physiology; Interneurons/*cytology/drug effects/*physiology; Hippocampus/*cytology/drug effects/*physiology; Consciousness/drug effects/physiology; Axons/drug effects/physiology; *Action Potentials/drug effects},
	year = {2003},
	eissn = {1476-4687},
	pages = {844-848}
}

@article{MTMT:2138527,
	title = {Cholecystokinin-immunopositive basket and Schaffer collateral-associated interneurones target different domains of pyramidal cells in the CA1 area of the rat hippocampus.},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/2138527},
	author = {Cope, DW and Maccaferri, G and Marton, LF and Roberts, JD and Cobden, PM and Somogyi, Péter Pál},
	doi = {10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00440-7},
	journal-iso = {NEUROSCIENCE},
	journal = {NEUROSCIENCE},
	volume = {109},
	unique-id = {2138527},
	issn = {0306-4522},
	abstract = {Two types of GABAergic interneurone are known to express cholecystokinin-related peptides in the isocortex: basket cells, which preferentially innervate the somata and proximal dendrites of pyramidal cells; and double bouquet cells, which innervate distal dendrites and dendritic spines. In the hippocampus, cholecystokinin immunoreactivity has only been reported in basket cells. However, at least eight distinct GABAergic interneurone types terminate in the dendritic domain of CA1 pyramidal cells, some of them with as yet undetermined neurochemical characteristics. In order to establish whether more than one population of cholecystokinin-expressing interneurone exist in the hippocampus, we have performed whole-cell current clamp recordings from interneurones located in the stratum radiatum of the hippocampal CA1 region of developing rats. Recorded neurones were filled with biocytin to reveal their axonal targets, and were tested for the presence of pro-cholecystokinin immunoreactivity. The results show that two populations of cholecystokinin-immunoreactive interneurones exist in the CA1 area (n=15 positive cells). Cholecystokinin-positive basket cells (53%) preferentially innervate stratum pyramidale and adjacent strata oriens and radiatum. A second population of cholecystokinin-positive cells, previously described as Schaffer collateral-associated interneurones [Vida et al. (1998) J. Physiol. 506, 755-773], have axons that ramify almost exclusively in strata radiatum and oriens, overlapping with the Schaffer collateral/commissural pathway originating from CA3 pyramidal cells. Two of seven of the Schaffer collateral-associated cells were also immunopositive for calbindin. Soma position and orientation in stratum radiatum, the number and orientation of dendrites, and the passive and active membrane properties of the two cell populations are only slightly different. In addition, in stratum radiatum and its border with lacunosum of perfusion-fixed hippocampi, 31.6+/-3.8% (adult) or 26.8+/-2.9% (postnatal day 17-20) of cholecystokinin-positive cells were also immunoreactive for calbindin. Therefore, at least two populations of pro-cholecystokinin-immunopositive interneurones, basket and Schaffer collateral-associated cells, exist in the CA1 area of the hippocampus, and are probably homologous to cholecystokinin-immunopositive basket and double bouquet cells in the isocortex. It is not known if the GABAergic terminals of double bouquet cells are co-aligned with specific glutamatergic inputs. However, in the hippocampal CA1 area, it is clear that the terminals of Schaffer collateral-associated cells are co-stratified with the glutamatergic input from the CA3 area, with as yet unknown functional consequences. The division of the postsynaptic neuronal surface by two classes of GABAergic cell expressing cholecystokinin in both the hippocampus and isocortex provides further evidence for the uniform synaptic organisation of the cerebral cortex.},
	keywords = {Animals; Male; immunohistochemistry; RATS; Calcium-Binding Protein, Vitamin D-Dependent/metabolism; Synaptic Transmission/*physiology; Action Potentials/physiology; Rats, Wistar; Animals, Newborn; Aging/metabolism; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*metabolism; Neural Inhibition/physiology; Organ Culture Techniques; Interneurons/cytology/*metabolism; Cholecystokinin/*metabolism; Lysine/*analogs & derivatives/diagnostic use; Axons/*metabolism/ultrastructure; Pyramidal Cells/cytology/*metabolism; Hippocampus/cytology/growth & development/*metabolism},
	year = {2002},
	eissn = {1873-7544},
	pages = {63-80}
}

@article{MTMT:108862,
	title = {Total number and ratio of excitatory and inhibitory synapses converging onto single interneurons of different types in the CA1 area of the rat hippocampus},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/108862},
	author = {Gulyás, Attila and Megías, M and Emri, Zsuzsa and Freund, Tamás},
	doi = {10.1523/jneurosci.19-22-10082.1999},
	journal-iso = {J NEUROSCI},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE},
	volume = {19},
	unique-id = {108862},
	issn = {0270-6474},
	year = {1999},
	eissn = {1529-2401},
	pages = {10082-10097},
	orcid-numbers = {Gulyás, Attila/0000-0003-4961-636X}
}

@article{MTMT:108986,
	title = {Presynaptically located CB1 cannabinoid receptors regulate GABA release from axon terminals of specific hippocampal interneurons},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/108986},
	author = {Katona, István and Sperlágh, Beáta and Sík, Attila and Kőfalvi, Attila and Vizi, E. Szilveszter and Mackie, K and Freund, Tamás},
	doi = {10.1523/jneurosci.19-11-04544.1999},
	journal-iso = {J NEUROSCI},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE},
	volume = {19},
	unique-id = {108986},
	issn = {0270-6474},
	keywords = {Animals; Male; immunohistochemistry; RATS; Parvalbumins/analysis; Rats, Wistar; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*metabolism; Interneurons/*metabolism; Subcellular Fractions/metabolism; Hippocampus/cytology/*metabolism; Receptors, Cannabinoid; Nerve Tissue Proteins/analysis; Cholecystokinin/analysis; Receptors, Drug/analysis/*physiology; Presynaptic Terminals/*chemistry/*metabolism; *Cannabinoids},
	year = {1999},
	eissn = {1529-2401},
	pages = {4544-4558},
	orcid-numbers = {Vizi, E. Szilveszter/0000-0002-9557-4597}
}

@article{MTMT:1031134,
	title = {Reliability and state dependence of pyramidal cell-interneuron synapses in the hippocampus: an ensemble approach in the behaving rat.},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/1031134},
	author = {Csicsvari, J and Hirase, H and Czurkó, András and Buzsáki, György},
	doi = {10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80525-5},
	journal-iso = {NEURON},
	journal = {NEURON},
	volume = {21},
	unique-id = {1031134},
	issn = {0896-6273},
	abstract = {Spike transmission probability between pyramidal cells and interneurons in the CA1 pyramidal layer was investigated in the behaving rat by the simultaneous recording of neuronal ensembles. Population synchrony was strongest during sharp wave (SPW) bursts. However, the increase was three times larger for pyramidal cells than for interneurons. The contribution of single pyramidal cells to the discharge of interneurons was often large (up to 0.6 probability), as assessed by the presence of significant (<3 ms) peaks in the cross-correlogram. Complex-spike bursts were more effective than single spikes. Single cell contribution was higher between SPW bursts than during SPWs or theta activity. Hence, single pyramidal cells can reliably discharge interneurons, and the probability of spike transmission is behavior dependent.},
	year = {1998},
	eissn = {1097-4199},
	pages = {179-189},
	orcid-numbers = {Czurkó, András/0000-0002-1985-7296}
}

@article{MTMT:108207,
	title = {The absence of a major Ca²⁺ signaling pathway in GABAergic neurons of the hippocampus},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/108207},
	author = {Sík, Attila and Hájos, Norbert and Gulácsi, Alexandra and Mody, I and Freund, Tamás},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.95.6.3245},
	journal-iso = {P NATL ACAD SCI USA},
	journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
	volume = {95},
	unique-id = {108207},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	keywords = {Animals; RATS; signal transduction; Hippocampus/cytology/*physiology; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology; Electrophysiology/methods; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*physiology; Rats, Wistar; Calcium/*metabolism; Interneurons/*physiology; Cell Compartmentation; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*deficiency; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/isolation & purification; Calmodulin/deficiency; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/deficiency; Calcineurin/deficiency},
	year = {1998},
	eissn = {1091-6490},
	pages = {3245-3250}
}

@article{MTMT:1661006,
	title = {Unitary IPSPs evoked by interneurons at the stratum radiatum stratum lacunosum-moleculare border in the CA1 area of the rat hippocampus in vitro},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/1661006},
	author = {Vida, I and Halasy, Katalin and Szinyei, C and Somogyi, Péter Pál and Buhl, EH},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.755bv.x},
	journal-iso = {J PHYSIOL-LONDON},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON},
	volume = {506},
	unique-id = {1661006},
	issn = {0022-3751},
	abstract = {1. Hippocampal non-principal neurons at the stratum radiatum-stratum lacunosum-moleculare border (R-LM interneurons) of the CA1 area may constitute several cell classes and have been implicated in the generation of GABAergic unitary IPSPs. Using biocytin filled electrodes we recorded R-LM interneurons intracellularly in vitro and determined their postsynaptic effects in concomitantly recorded pyramidal cells. 2. Light microscopic analysis revealed four populations of R-LM interneurons with distinct axons: (1) basket cells (n = 4) with axons predominantly ramifying in the pyramidal cell layer; (2) Schaffer collateral/commissural pathway-associated interneurons (n = 10) stratifying in stratum radiatum and, to a lesser extent, stratum oriens; (3) perforant pathway-associated interneurons (n = 6) innervating the perforant path termination zone in stratum lacunosum-moleculare of the CA1 area as well as equivalent portions of the dentate gyrus and subiculum; and (4) neurogliaform interneurons (n = 2) characterized by their dense, compact axonal and dendritic arbour. 3. Random electron microscopic sampling of synaptic targets revealed a preponderance of pyramidal neurons as postsynaptic elements. Basket cells had a synaptic target preference for somata and proximal dendrites, whereas the remainder of R-LM interneurons innervated dendritic shafts and spines. The axon of dendrite-targeting cells formed up to six putative contacts with individual postsynaptic pyramidal cells. 4. Anatomically recovered R-LM interneurons (n = 22) had a mean resting membrane potential of -56.7 +/- 3.6 mV, a membrane time constant of 12.9 +/- 7.7 ms and an input resistance of 86.4 +/- 29.2 M Ohm. Depolarizing current pulses generally elicited overshooting action potentials (70.8 +/- 6.9 mV) which had a mean duration, when measured at half-amplitude, of 0.7 +/- 0.1 ms. In response to prolonged (> 200 ms) depolarizing current pulses all R-LM interneurons displayed (a varying degree of) spike frequency adaptation. 5. Basket cells, Schaffer-associated and neurogliaform interneurons elicited small-amplitude (< 2 mV), short-latency IPSPs in postsynaptic pyramids (n = 5, 13 and 1, respectively). Those interactions in which an effect was elicited with the repetitive activation of the presynaptic neuron (n = 13) showed a substantial degree of postsynaptic response summation. Unitary IPSPs had fast kinetics and, whenever tested (n = 5; 1 basket cell and 4 Schaffer-associated interneurons), were abolished by the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline. 6. Thus, R-LM interneurons comprise several distinct populations which evoke fast GABA(A) receptor-mediated IPSPs. The domain-specific innervation of postsynaptic pyramidal cells suggests functionally diverse effects on the integration of afferent information in functionally non-equivalent compartments of pyramidal cells.},
	keywords = {Animals; RATS; Electric Stimulation; Microscopy, Electron; Interneurons/*physiology/ultrastructure; Synapses/physiology/ultrastructure; Action Potentials/physiology; Electrophysiology; Rats, Wistar; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/*physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Membrane Potentials/physiology; Axons/physiology/ultrastructure; Hippocampus/cytology/*physiology/ultrastructure; Neuroglia/physiology/ultrastructure},
	year = {1998},
	eissn = {1469-7793},
	pages = {755-773}
}

@article{MTMT:1428425,
	title = {Dentate EEG spikes and associated interneuronal population bursts in the hippocampal hilar region of the rat},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/1428425},
	author = {BRAGIN, A and Jandó, Gábor and Nádasdy, Zoltán and VANLANDEGHEM, M and Buzsáki, György},
	doi = {10.1152/jn.1995.73.4.1691},
	journal-iso = {J NEUROPHYSIOL},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY},
	volume = {73},
	unique-id = {1428425},
	issn = {0022-3077},
	abstract = {1. This paper describes two novel population patterns in the dentate gyrus of the awake rat, termed type 1 and type 2 dentate spikes (DS1, DS2). Their cellular generation and spatial distribution were examined by simultaneous recording of field potentials and unit activity using multiple-site silicon probes and wire electrode arrays. 2. Dentate spikes were large amplitude (2-4 mV), short duration (<30 ms) field potentials that occurred sparsely during behavioral immobility and slow-wave sleep. Current-source density analysis revealed large sinks in the outer (DS1) and middle (DS2) thirds of the dentate molecular layer, respectively. DS1 and DS2 had similar longitudinal, lateral, and interhemispheric synchrony. 3. Dentate spikes invariably were coupled to synchronous population bursts of putative hilar interneurons. CA3 pyramidal cells, on the other hand were suppressed during dentate spikes. 4. After bilateral removal of the entorhinal cortex, dentate spikes disappeared, whereas sharp wave-associated bursts, reflecting synchronous discharge of the CA3-CA1 network, increased several fold. 5. These physiological characteristics of the dentate spikes sug gest that they are triggered by a population burst of layer II stellate cells of the lateral (DS1) and medial (DS2) entorhinal cortex. 6. We suggest that dentate spike-associated synchronized bursts of hilar-region interneurons provide a suppressive effect on the excitability of the CA3-CA1 network in the intact brain.},
	keywords = {STIMULATION; NEURONS; RESPONSES; CORTEX; ORGANIZATION; POTENTIALS; PYRAMIDAL CELLS; OSCILLATIONS; SLICE; SOURCE-DENSITY ANALYSIS},
	year = {1995},
	eissn = {1522-1598},
	pages = {1691-1705},
	orcid-numbers = {Nádasdy, Zoltán/0000-0002-6515-9683}
}

@article{MTMT:2941583,
	title = {LOW-FREQUENCY AND HIGH-FREQUENCY MEMBRANE-POTENTIAL OSCILLATIONS DURING THETA ACTIVITY IN CA1 AND CA3 PYRAMIDAL NEURONS OF THE RAT HIPPOCAMPUS UNDER KETAMINE-XYLAZINE ANESTHESIA},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/2941583},
	author = {Soltesz, Ivan and DESCHENES, M},
	doi = {10.1152/jn.1993.70.1.97},
	journal-iso = {J NEUROPHYSIOL},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY},
	volume = {70},
	unique-id = {2941583},
	issn = {0022-3077},
	abstract = {1. Intracellularly recorded low- and high-frequency (4-6 and 25-50 Hz, respectively), rhythmic, spontaneous membrane potential oscillations were investigated in pyramidal neurons of the rat hippocampus in vivo, during theta(THETA, 4-6 Hz)electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia. 2. The EEG activity showed two spectral peaks, one in the THETA range. the other at higher frequencies (25-50 Hz). On the basis of their electrophysiological and pharmacological properties, it was concluded that the EEG THETA-waves, and the fast EEG rhythm, recorded during ketamine-xylazine anesthesia, share the basic properties of those THETA and fast rhythms that are recorded under the effects of other types of anesthetics. 3. When intracellular recordings (n = 32) were made with electrodes filled with potassium-acetate (K-acetate), the only CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cells (PCs) considered for further analysis were those that did not fire rhythmically at most or each cycle of the THETA rhythm at the resting membrane potential. During EEG-THETA, the membrane potential (V(m)) of these cells showed a prominent oscillation (3-15 mV) with frequencies similar to those of the EEG-THETA (the intracellular THETA rhythm, intra-THETA). 4. The frequency of the intra-THETA was independent of the V(m). However, the phase difference between the intra-THETA and the EEG-THETA was voltage dependent in both types of cells. CA1 PCs showed a large ( 120-180-degrees, where 360-degrees is the full cycle), gradual shift in the phase difference between the intra-THETA and the EEG-THETA, when the membrane was hyperpolarized to -85 from -65 mV. Although CA3 PCs displayed a larger variability in their phase-voltage relations. a voltage-dependent phase shift (90-180-degrees) could be observed in CA3 PCs as well. 5. Although the amplitude of the intra-THETA in both CA1 and CA3 PCs could display large, sudden, spontaneous changes at a given V(m), the amplitude-V(m) plots tended to show a minimum between -70 and -80 mV. Spontaneous changes in the amplitude of the intra-THETA did not affect the phase difference between the intra- and the EEG-THETA rhythms. 6. Intracellular injection of QX-314 (50-100 mM) did not change the phase-V(m) or the amplitude-V(m) relationships of CA1 PCs. 7. Intracellular injection of chloride (Cl-) ions greatly reduced the voltage dependency of the phase difference and revealed fast (duration: 20-25 ms), depolarizing potentials (5-20 mV), which appeared at high frequencies (25-50 Hz), amplitude modulated at THETA-frequencies. 8. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that rhythmic, high-frequency, gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA(A))-receptor-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic potentials have an important role in the generation of both the THETA and the fast hippocampal rhythms.},
	keywords = {CELLS; SLICES; ENTORHINAL CORTEX; INHIBITORY INTERNEURONS; BEHAVING RAT; Urethane; GENERATORS; RHYTHMICAL SLOW ACTIVITY; SYNAPTIC RESPONSES; QX-314},
	year = {1993},
	eissn = {1522-1598},
	pages = {97-116}
}