TY - JOUR AU - Sántha, Péter AU - Tamás-Bényei, Péter TI - A comprehensive overview of the potential of recycled carbon fiber from composite waste: reclamation, remanufacturing, and performance JF - WASTE MANAGEMENT J2 - WASTE MANAGE VL - 213 PY - 2026 PG - 26 SN - 0956-053X DO - 10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115352 UR - https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/36945264 ID - 36945264 N1 - Funding Agency and Grant Number: Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary through the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund [BME-NVA-02, UNKP-23-5-BME-427]; National Research, Development and Innovation Fund [NKKP ADVANCED 149578]; National Research, Development, and Innovation Office (NRDI, Hungary) [OTKA K 146236, NKFIH FK 142517]; Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences [BO/00658/21/6]; Doctoral Excellence Fellowship Programme (DCEP) - National Research Development and Innovation Fund of the Ministry of Culture and Innovation; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; National Research, Development and Innovation Office Funding text: Project No. BME-NVA-02 has been implemented with support from the Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary through the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, under the TKP2021-NVA funding scheme.Project No. UNKP-23-5-BME-427 has been implemented with the support from the Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary through the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund.The authors acknowledge the Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary for support from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund through grant no. NKKP ADVANCED 149578.The research reported in this paper was supported by the National Research, Development, and Innovation Office (NRDI, Hungary) through grants OTKA K 146236 and NKFIH FK 142517.P. T.-B. also acknowledges their invaluable support for the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (BO/00658/21/6) .P.S. expresses appreciation for supporting the Doctoral Excellence Fellowship Programme (DCEP) funded by the National Research Development and Innovation Fund of the Ministry of Culture and Innovation and the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, under a grant agreement with the National Research, Development and Innovation Office. AB - The widespread adoption of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) across high-performance sectors such as aerospace, automotive, wind energy, and construction has significantly increased the global demand for carbon fibers (CFs). However, the energy-intensive production process and growing volume of end-of-life (EoL) CFRP waste present significant environmental and economic challenges. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of the state of the art in carbon fiber recycling, focusing on the reclamation, remanufacturing, and reuse of recycled carbon fibers (rCFs) to support a sustainable circular economy. These waste streams are projected to grow substantially, driven by the decommissioning of wind turbines and aircraft. The valuable fibers are lost in traditional waste management practices, such as landfilling and incineration. Landfilling is also detrimental to the environment and unsustainable. Hence, recovering CFs through recycling is essential for minimizing environmental impacts and preserving material value. This review presents a comprehensive assessment of recycling technologies, including mechanical, thermal, chemical, and emerging methods. Each technique is assessed based on quantified fiber retention, energy efficiency, scalability, and technological readiness. The study further explores remanufacturing technologies for rCFs, detailing their transformation into intermediate forms suitable for reuse. The alignment of discontinuous fibers is critical for maximizing mechanical performance. Analytical and numerical modeling tools applied to predict fiber orientation, alignment efficiency, and composite behavior are included. In addition to technical insights, the article integrates economic viability, quality assurance, and life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate environmental performance, supporting market acceptance and regulatory compliance by quantifying the sustainability advantages of rCFs. LA - English DB - MTMT ER - TY - JOUR AU - Sántha, Péter AU - Tamás-Bényei, Péter AU - Toldy, Andrea TI - From scrap to structure: The challenges of carbon fibre recycling JF - EXPRESS POLYMER LETTERS J2 - EXPRESS POLYM LETT VL - 19 PY - 2025 IS - 7 SP - 651 EP - 652 PG - 2 SN - 1788-618X DO - 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2025.49 UR - https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/36153153 ID - 36153153 N1 - Export Date: 13 June 2025; Cited By: 0; Correspondence Address: P. Sántha; Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111, Hungary; email: santhap@pt.bme.hu; A. Toldy; Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111, Hungary; email: atoldy@edu.bme.hu LA - English DB - MTMT ER - TY - JOUR AU - Sántha, Péter AU - Tamás-Bényei, Péter TI - Investigation of high-performance recycled carbon fibre reinforced aluminium core sandwich structures JF - EXPRESS POLYMER LETTERS J2 - EXPRESS POLYM LETT VL - 19 PY - 2025 IS - 11 SP - 1202 EP - 1213 PG - 12 SN - 1788-618X DO - 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2025.88 UR - https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/36349434 ID - 36349434 N1 - Funding Agency and Grant Number: Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary through the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund [BME-NVA-02]; Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary through the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund [UNKP-23-5-BME-427]; Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary for support from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund [NKKP ADVANCED 149578]; National Research, Development, and Innovation Office (NRDI, Hungary) [OTKA K 146236, NKFIH FK 142517]; Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences [BO/00658/21/6]; National Research Development and Innovation Fund of the Ministry of Culture and Innovation; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; National Research, Development and Innovation Office Funding text: Project No. BME-NVA-02 has been implemented with support from the Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary through the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, under the TKP2021-NVA funding scheme. Project No. UNKP-23-5-BME-427 has been implemented with the support from the Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary through the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund. The authors acknowledge the Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary for support from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund through grant no. NKKP ADVANCED 149578. The research reported in this paper was supported by the National Research, Development, and Innovation Office (NRDI, Hungary) through grants OTKA K 146236 and NKFIH FK 142517. P. T.-B. also acknowledges their invaluable support for the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (BO/00658/21/6). P. S. expresses appreciation for the support of the Doctoral Excellence Fellowship Programme (DCEP) funded by the National Research Development and Innovation Fund of the Ministry of Culture and Innovation and the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, under a grant agreement with the National Research, Development and Innovation Office. AB - This study examines the performance of hybrid sandwich composites with a recycled aluminium foam (AlF) core and a recycled carbon-reinforced polymer skin layer. Three composite skin configurations were examined: (i) unidirectional (UD) carbon/epoxy sheets representing aligned virgin fibre reinforcement, (ii) randomly oriented recycled carbon fibre (rCF) mats consolidated by hand layup with epoxy, and (iii) randomly oriented rCF/epoxy sheets consolidated by hot pressing. The AlF core structure analysis revealed a low density and uniform open-cell structure ideal for lightweight cores. Comprehensive testing revealed significant performance differences between skin types and manufacturing methods, underscoring the critical role of processing – particularly hot pressing – in enhancing fibre compaction, matrix consolidation and interfacial bonding between the core and facesheets. Unidirectional carbon fibre skins achieved the highest flexural stiffness. In contrast, hot-pressed rCF mats provided the most balanced properties, combining high compression, damage resistance, and flexural strength, due to improved consolidation and reduced porosity in the face sheets. Thus, hybrid sandwich structures fabricated from recycled AlF core and rCF represent a viable, environmentally responsible alternative for aerospace, automotive, and protective applications requiring lightweight, high-strength, and damage-resistant materials. LA - English DB - MTMT ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tamás-Bényei, Péter AU - Sántha, Péter TI - Sustainable Reinforcement for Rubbers─Potential Application of Recycled Carbon Fibers JF - ACS OMEGA J2 - ACS OMEGA VL - 10 PY - 2025 IS - 50 SP - 61276 EP - 61287 PG - 12 SN - 2470-1343 DO - 10.1021/acsomega.5c05493 UR - https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/36505141 ID - 36505141 N1 - Published online: 7 December 2025 The research has been supported by the NRDI Office (OTKA K 146236). P.T.-B. acknowledges the financial support received through the János Bolyai Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (BO/00658/21/6) and ÚNKP-23-5-BME-427 New National Excellence Program. This paper was also supported by the National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary (2019-1.1.1-PIACI-KFI-2019-00172, 2024-1.1.1-KKV_FÓKUSZ-2024-00080). Project no. 2022-2.1.1-NL-2022-00012 “National Laboratory for Cooperative Technologies” has been implemented with the support provided by the Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, financed under the National Laboratories funding scheme. Project no. TKP-6-6/PALY-2021 has been implemented with the support provided by the Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, financed under the TKP2021-NVA funding scheme. The authors acknowledge the Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary for support from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund through grant no. NKKP ADVANCED 149578. AB - This study shows the utilization of recycled carbon fibers (rCF) in nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) to produce sustainable, high-performance elastomer-based mixtures. Recycled carbon fibers, sourced from composite waste, were incorporated into the NBR matrix with different concentrations using an internal mixer for compounding and hot pressing for vulcanization. Tensile, hardness, tear and abrasion tests, and a scanning electron microscopy study were performed to show the effects of rCF. The results indicate that moderate fiber contents significantly enhance the stiffness and tensile strength of NBR without compromising its inherent elasticity. Twenty phr recycled carbon fiber increased tensile strength by 15% but decreased strain by 16% and almost doubled stiffness compared to the reference. The addition of carbon fibers caused an increase in hardness proportionally with the amount of reinforcement. 50 phr rCF increased Shore A hardness by 30%. When rCF was added, abrasion resistance increased significantly; 10 phr carbon fiber halved the amount of abraded material. Microscopic examinations confirmed the significance of fiber dispersion and adequate bonding at the matrix–fiber interface for optimal load transfer. The possibility of foaming was analyzed, and the hypothesis was proved. The results demonstrate the viability of recycled carbon fibers as a reinforcement in NBR, which also highlight the environmental and economic benefits associated with recycling composite materials in the rubber industry. LA - English DB - MTMT ER - TY - JOUR AU - Dózsa, Gergő AU - Sántha, Péter AU - Tamás-Bényei, Péter TI - Fehér töltőanyagot tartalmazó gumikeverékek fejlesztése JF - POLIMEREK J2 - POLIMEREK VL - 10 PY - 2024 IS - 1 SP - 34 EP - 40 PG - 7 SN - 2415-9492 UR - https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/34521631 ID - 34521631 LA - Hungarian DB - MTMT ER - TY - CONF AU - Sántha, Péter AU - Tamás-Bényei, Péter ED - Binetruy, Christophe ED - Jacquemin, Frédéric TI - Interlaminar Properties of Hybrid Stacking Recycled Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composites T2 - Proceedings of the 21st European Conference on Composite Materials (ECCM21) PB - The European Society for Composite Materials (ESCM) CY - Nantes SN - 9782912985019 PY - 2024 SP - 1231 EP - 1238 PG - 8 UR - https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/35188876 ID - 35188876 AB - Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites have garnered widespread adoption in diverse industries due to their exceptional properties and versatility. As global demand for these materials continues to rise, effective management of waste generated during production and end-of-life cycles becomes imperative. Recycling technologies offer a promising solution, enabling the recovery of reinforcing materials and the circularization of material flows in the composites industry. This study investigates the potential of recycled carbon fibers (rCFs) as interlayers to enhance the interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber/epoxy composites. Nonwoven mats based on rCFs are utilized to toughen a unidirectional carbon/epoxy laminate, aiming to improve Mode-I and Mode-II fracture toughness and fatigue performance. Fracture tests, augmented with acoustic emission (AE) and microscopic analysis of fracture surfaces, provide insights into the efficiency of incorporating rCF interlayers to enhance composite structures' long-term behavior and durability. LA - English DB - MTMT ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tamás-Bényei, Péter AU - Sántha, Péter TI - Potential applications of basalt fibre composites in thermal shielding JF - JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY J2 - J THERM ANAL CALORIM VL - 148 PY - 2023 SP - 271 EP - 279 PG - 9 SN - 1388-6150 DO - 10.1007/s10973-022-11799-2 UR - https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/33293126 ID - 33293126 N1 - Funding Agency and Grant Number: Ministry of Innovation and Technology of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund [BME-NVA-02]; National Research, Development and Innovation Office [NKFIH FK124352]; New National Excellence Program of The Ministry for Culture and Innovation from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund [UNKP-22-5-BME-309]; Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences [BO/00658/21/6] Funding text: The research reported in this paper is part of Project No. BME-NVA-02, implemented with the support provided by the Ministry of Innovation and Technology of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, financed under the TKP2021 funding scheme. This research was also supported by the National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH FK124352) and by the UNKP-22-5-BME-309 New National Excellence Program of The Ministry for Culture and Innovation from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund. P. T-B. is thankful for the support of the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (BO/00658/21/6). The authors acknowledge Benedek Forrai, Balint Griger and Szilvia Nyari their contribution. AB - This present study demonstrates the applicability of basalt fibre-reinforced polymer (BFRP) composite materials in thermal shielding. Basalt fibres are produced from natural, sustainable sources and obtain comparable mechanical performance to commercial glass fibres. In addition to their mechanical strength, BFRPs have excellent chemical and heat resistance. Basalt fibres tend to have a higher thermal stability than their competitor glass fibres. The heat resistance of basalt fibres derives from the volcanic origin of the raw material basalt gabbro. These favourable features make BFRP composites an attractive group of materials for application in several industries. To test the fire resistance of the materials, we produced mono and hybrid composite plates from different types of basalt reinforcement structures (milled fibres, chopped fibres and woven fabric) and epoxy resin. Surface treatment with silane coupling agents significantly improved the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of BFRPs by up to 70%. Three-point bending tests were performed to determine the flexural properties of the composite specimens, and their fire behaviour was evaluated with a horizontal burning test, and a novel jet fire test assisted with infrared thermal imaging. Higher fibre content in hybrid laminates decreased the linear burning rate by 8%, and the maximum surface temperature was approximately 80 °C lower after jet fire impingement compared to woven reinforcement structure. LA - English DB - MTMT ER - TY - CONF AU - Sántha, Péter AU - Tamás-Bényei, Péter ED - Falzon, B.G. ED - McCarthy, C. TI - MODELLING OF RECYCLED CARBON FIBRE-REINFORCED 3D-PRINTED THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITES T2 - 23rd International Conference on Composite Materials, ICCM 2023 PB - International Committee on Composite Materials PY - 2023 PG - 4 UR - https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/34751469 ID - 34751469 N1 - Conference code: 197380 Export Date: 22 March 2024 Correspondence Address: Sántha, P.; Department of Polymer Engineering, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Hungary; email: santhap@pt.bme.hu Funding details: Nemzeti Kutatási, Fejlesztési és Innovaciós Alap, NKFIA Funding details: Nemzeti Kutatási, Fejlesztési és Innovaciós Alap, NKFIA Funding details: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, MTA, BO/00658/21/6 Funding details: Innovációs és Technológiai Minisztérium, ÚNKP-22-5-BME-309 Funding text 1: The research reported in this paper and carried out at BME has been supported by the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Science (BO/00658/21/6). The research reported in this paper and carried out at BME has been supported by the NRDI Fund (TKP2020 NC, Grant No. BME-NC and TKP2020 IES, Grant No. BMEIE-NAT) based on the charter of bolster issued by the NRDI Office under the auspices of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology. Supported by the ÚNKP-22-5-BME-309 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund. LA - English DB - MTMT ER - TY - CONF AU - Sántha, Péter AU - Tamás-Bényei, Péter TI - Fire Retardant Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites T2 - 19th European meeting on Fire Retardant Polymeric Materials (FRPM23) PB - Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology PY - 2023 SP - 254 EP - 255 PG - 2 UR - https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/34909192 ID - 34909192 AB - Main message: The overview of the literature reveals that there is a lack of comprehensive research on alternative fiber-reinforced polymers. In this present study, we have investigated the fire resistance of basalt fiber polymer composites (BFRP). Different forms of basalt fiber reinforcement (plain woven fabric, chopped strands, milled fibers) was used with an epoxy polymer matrix. The fire resistance of the produced composite materials was evaluated by horizontal burning test and mass loss cone calorimetry. Introduction Inorganic basalt fibers are produced from natural, sustainable sources and obtain comparable mechanical performance to commercial glass fibers [1,2]. Basalt fibers possess higher thermal stability than glass fibers and have high chemical resistance due to the chemical structure originating from the volcanic gabbro. These favorable properties and moderate cost make BFRP composites an attractive group of structural materials for application in power, civil-construction and transport industries [3,4]. Experimental Three different types of basalt fiber reinforcements were used in our experiments: milled fibers (Basaltex, Belgium, average fiber length: 108.57±57.09 μm), chopped fibers (Kamenny Vek, Russia, nominal fiber length: 12.7 mm), and plain-woven basalt fabrics (Kamenny Vek, Russia, areal density: 210 gsm). A common laminating epoxy system of component A-IPOX MR 3010 modified bisphenol A/F resin and component B-IPOX MH 3124 modified cycloaliphatic amine hardener (Ipox Chemicals GmbH, Germany) with mixing ration of 100:33 by mass, was used as polymer matrix. In the case of milled and chopped basalt fibers 10; 20; 30 m/m% fiber content was maintained, and dispersion of fibers was measured on five samples per material selected from different places of the plates. The short fibers were well dispersed as the standard deviation of the measured fiber content was below 0.5 m/m%. Fiber distribution and interlaminar properties of hybrid laminates are compared with the plain-woven reinforced specimens by short beam shear tests and optical microscopy. The fire behavior of the materials was investigated by UL-94 horizontal burning tests and mass loss cone calorimetry. Results and Discussion Previously, the mechanical, thermo-mechanical and thermal shielding properties of the BFRP composites was investigated [5]. Fabric reinforced BFRP specimens achieved a flexural modulus of 15.54 GPa and strength of 336.40 MPa. Higher fiber content in hybrid laminates decreased the linear burning rate by 8%, and the maximum surface temperature was approximately 80 °C lower after jet fire impingement compared to woven reinforcement structure. UL-94 horizontal burning test results show that the BFRP composites are rated HB according to the standard, but the linear burning rate of the different reinforcements varied significantly. Lower burning rates were achieved at higher fiber content. Highest flame spread was examined at the woven textile reinforced specimens due to the so-called candle-wick effect. The presence of milled fibers in hybrid laminates decreased the burning rate by up to 19%. The mass loss cone calorimetry test show that the total heat release rate (THR) of the specimens decreased with the increasing fiber content. LA - English DB - MTMT ER - TY - JOUR AU - Sántha, Péter AU - Tamás-Bényei, Péter TI - Újrahasznosított szénszálat tartalmazó nyomtatófilament fejlesztése additív gyártástechnológiához JF - POLIMEREK J2 - POLIMEREK VL - 8 PY - 2022 IS - 12 SP - 361 EP - 366 PG - 6 SN - 2415-9492 UR - https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/33338011 ID - 33338011 LA - Hungarian DB - MTMT ER -