@article{MTMT:37201243,
	title = {Possible Money Laundering Methods of Organised Crime in the European Union},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/37201243},
	author = {Zsigmond, Csaba},
	doi = {10.32577/MR.2026.1.11},
	journal-iso = {MAGYAR RENDÉSZET},
	journal = {MAGYAR RENDÉSZET},
	volume = {26},
	unique-id = {37201243},
	issn = {1586-2895},
	abstract = {Introduction: Organised crime, as a form of group criminal activity, poses a significant threat to both individual states and European Union society as a whole. There is an internationally accepted legal definition of organised crime and organised criminal groups, but there are countless concepts in the criminological literature. The common element of these concepts is the pursuit of maximum profit through criminal activity. The large amounts of material goods acquired in this way must be laundered by these organisations to give the appearance of legality. Therefore, effective action against organised crime is based on the effective tracing and confiscation of the illegally acquired assets of criminal organisations, for which knowledge of money laundering techniques is essential.Aims: The purpose of this article is to review and present the most common money laundering techniques used by organised crime, based on international and domestic (Hungarian) scientific literature and official Europol publications.Method: The research is based on the above-mentioned authoritative literature and Europol reports.Results: According to both academic literature and Europol, organised crime groups use both older, tried-and-tested methods (operating underground banking systems, smuggling cash to offshore countries, money mules, front men) and relatively newer money laundering techniques, such as exploiting the opportunities offered by the online space and cryptocurrencies) and seek to exploit weaknesses in the underlying legislation, the internal compliance rules of the banking system, and the lack of vigilance on the part of the authorities responsible for filtering money laundering. This article also examines the legal and organisational possibilities for effective action in the future.Conclusions: The study points out that criminals seek to exploit weaknesses in financial systems by using money mules, shell companies, and straw men, but it also highlights opportunities for effective action: internationally coordinated action (e.g. European Money Mule Action) and the use of artificial intelligence-based software in the financial sector.},
	keywords = {money laundering; organised crime; Europol; money laundering methods},
	year = {2026},
	eissn = {1787-050X},
	pages = {161-173},
	orcid-numbers = {Zsigmond, Csaba/0000-0001-6765-7670}
}

@CONFERENCE{MTMT:36158266,
	title = {Difficulties in measuring and researching corruption},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/36158266},
	author = {Zsigmond, Csaba},
	booktitle = {2nd Law Enforcement Security and Psychology (LEPSY) CEEPUS Network Conference},
	unique-id = {36158266},
	year = {2025},
	pages = {57-57},
	orcid-numbers = {Zsigmond, Csaba/0000-0001-6765-7670}
}

@article{MTMT:36287731,
	title = {Review of Scientific Publications on Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing in Major Hungarian Law Enforcement Journals over the Last 20 Years},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/36287731},
	author = {Zsigmond, Csaba},
	doi = {10.32577/MR.2025.1.11},
	journal-iso = {MAGYAR RENDÉSZET},
	journal = {MAGYAR RENDÉSZET},
	volume = {25},
	unique-id = {36287731},
	issn = {1586-2895},
	abstract = {International and nation-state action against money laundering is of paramount importance, as this activity poses a major threat to the economic stability and public security of certain countries. The danger of money laundering is demonstrated by the fact that it is closely linked to organised crime, as organised crime groups seek to legalise their illicit proceeds through various methods of money laundering. The effective prevention, detection and proof of money laundering offences is therefore the basis for effective action against organised crime. The main objective of my literature research is to provide a comprehensive picture of the scientific results published in the last twenty years in the most prestigious law enforcement journals in Hungary. The research method was an online database search between 2004 and 2024, which contains articles from three Hungarian journals (Belügyi Szemle, Magyar Rendészet, and Rendészeti Szemle). As a result of the search and filtering, 13 relevant articles were found in the period under study. The published articles point out the harmful economic effects of money laundering, its history in Hungary, the changing Hungarian and European Union legal background, the various legal interpretations and dogmatic issues related to money laundering, the methods and trends of money laundering in practice, and some articles also discuss the crime of terrorist financing related to money laundering. It provides an excellent summary for both researchers and practitioners.},
	keywords = {money laundering; organised crime; Terrorist financing; metrics of science},
	year = {2025},
	eissn = {1787-050X},
	pages = {171-178},
	orcid-numbers = {Zsigmond, Csaba/0000-0001-6765-7670}
}

@inproceedings{MTMT:36322533,
	title = {Difficulties in measuring and researching corruption},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/36322533},
	author = {Zsigmond, Csaba},
	booktitle = {Law Enforcement, Psychology and Security in Dialogue: Interdisciplinary Perspectives},
	unique-id = {36322533},
	year = {2025},
	pages = {142-147},
	orcid-numbers = {Zsigmond, Csaba/0000-0001-6765-7670}
}

@inproceedings{MTMT:36365890,
	title = {The possible effects of the new ECD on the protection of the environment through criminal law in the member states of the European Union},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/36365890},
	author = {Zsigmond, Csaba and Zsigmond-Sziebig, Orsolya Johanna},
	booktitle = {XXII International Scientific Conference "Legal Days – Prof. Slavko Caric Law and justice"},
	doi = {10.5937/PDSC25258Z},
	unique-id = {36365890},
	abstract = {The new Environmental Crime Directive (ECD) was adopted in April 2024 and
		is expected to be implemented by 2026 by the Member States of the European Union. The
		criminal law protection of the environment has a relatively long history in the European
		region, but it has been surrounded by controversy and legal debate. Directive 2024/1203/
		EU is replacing the Environmental Crime Directive of 2008. The latter legislation has faced
		continuous criticism since its acceptance. The “new” ECD was influenced by remarks on
		the protection of the environment through criminal law and by events in the international
		sphere, including the emerging concept of ecocide. In the presentation and paper,
		the Authors would like to explore the ECD’s novelties to answer the question, “Is there
		anything new under the sun” in the era of criminal law protection of the environment with
		particular regard to the European sphere. Furthermore, the approach must be critical, as
		environmental protection has a long history in the European Union; therefore, the new
		instruments should learn from the previous legislative shortcomings. Firstly, the Authors
		will highlight the history of environmental criminal law in the European Union and the
		failures of the previous ECD. Additionally, the international influencing factors, with
		special regard to ecocide, are emphasised. Finally, the potential changes in the Member
		States’ environmental crime legislation are summarised.},
	keywords = {environmental protection; criminal law; EU law; environmental crime directive},
	year = {2025},
	pages = {258-268},
	orcid-numbers = {Zsigmond, Csaba/0000-0001-6765-7670; Zsigmond-Sziebig, Orsolya Johanna/0000-0002-9313-9903}
}

@article{MTMT:34716784,
	title = {Védett állat- és növényfajokkal való illegális kereskedelme elleni büntetőjogi eszközök. A védelmet biztosító jogi eszközök kialakulásától a hatályos büntetőjogi jogalkalmazói jogértelmezés kérdéseiig},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/34716784},
	author = {Zsigmond, Csaba},
	journal-iso = {IUSTUM AEQUUM SALUTARE},
	journal = {IUSTUM AEQUUM SALUTARE},
	volume = {20},
	unique-id = {34716784},
	issn = {1787-3223},
	abstract = {Földünk emberiség általi teljes mértékű kihasználása és alávetése önös érdekeinknek napjainkra olyan súlyos problémává vált, hogy már az emberi civilizáció és végső sorban az emberiség fennmaradását is veszélyezteti. Anyagi és hatalmi érdekekből bolygónk egyes elemeinek - föld, víz, levegő - mértéktelen szennyezése és rombolása jellemző, az esetek nagy részében különösebb büntetőjogi vagy más egyéb jogi következmények nélkül. Ez a következmények nélküli pusztítás megmutatkozik a nemzetközi és nemzeti jogszabályok által védett állat- és növényfajok mértéktelen vadászatában, élve való befogásában. Az egyik hatékony jogi eszköz a védett fajok ilyen jellegű pusztítása ellen a büntetőjogi szankciók eredményes alkalmazása lehet, melynek alapja a hatékony jogalkalmazói (rendészeti, ügyészi és bírói) fellépés. Jelen írásomban részletes elemzés alá veszem a vonatkozó nemzetközi, hazai büntetőjogi szabályozást, annak fejlődését, a jelenlegi szabályozás alapján felmerülő jogalkalmazói kérdéseket és problémákat, melyek eredményeként a jogalkotóhoz és a jogalkalmazókhoz ajánlásokat fogalmazok meg.},
	keywords = {nemzetközi büntetőjog; büntetőjog; környezetvédelem},
	year = {2024},
	eissn = {2498-535X},
	pages = {299-316},
	orcid-numbers = {Zsigmond, Csaba/0000-0001-6765-7670}
}

@inproceedings{MTMT:34828178,
	title = {Organised Crime in International Environmental Crime},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/34828178},
	author = {Zsigmond, Csaba},
	booktitle = {II. Ludovika International Law Enforcement Research Symposium Conference Proceedings},
	unique-id = {34828178},
	abstract = {In this paper, I will first examine organised crime as a criminological concept and its different theoretical approaches, and then I will analyse the concept of organised criminal group as a concept in international law. I will then examine the structure and functioning of organised crime groups on the basis of my own and various international research. This will be followed by a detailed analysis of international environmental crime. Following the division of the various international organisations (UNODC, INTERPOL), I will describe in detail the different areas: fisheries crime, which essentially involves the significant overfishing of fishing quotas in international waters (overfishing), but also includes unauthorised fishing on the territory of certain countries. Illegal logging, both for the illegal acquisition of farmland and for the sale of illegally harvested timber to the furniture and paper industries. Pollution-related crime, which includes illegal waste trafficking or illegal production by individual farmers, or significant overruns of pollution quotas causing environmental damage. Illegal wildlife trade:
		the demand-side trade of animal and plant species protected by international conventions across borders or continents. All environmental crimes are  characterised by their combination with other serious crimes, such as corruption, violent crime and money laundering.},
	keywords = {wildlife crime; Organized crime; environment crime; forestry crime; pollution crime; fisheries crime},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {338-345},
	orcid-numbers = {Zsigmond, Csaba/0000-0001-6765-7670}
}

@inproceedings{MTMT:35438327,
	title = {Illegal wildlife trade and money laundering},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/35438327},
	author = {Zsigmond, Csaba},
	booktitle = {XXI међународни научни скуп „Правнички дани - Проф. др Славко Царић“ ,,ОДГОВОРИ ПРАВНЕ НАУКЕ НА ИЗАЗОВЕ САВРЕМЕНОГ ДРУШТВА“ = XXI International Scientific Conference „Legal days - Prof. Slavko Carić, PhD" "THE RESPONSES OF LEGAL SCIENCES TO THE CHALLENGES OF MODERN SOCIETY"},
	doi = {10.5937/PDSC24317Z},
	unique-id = {35438327},
	abstract = {In my paper, I explain what illegal trade in wildlife species means and what are the main threats it can pose to society and the security of certain countries and regions. In this context, I will explain that one of the main dangers is that, given the high illegal revenue, money laundering is inevitably linked to this activity, which entails additional risks, mainly economic. I will also draw on the relevant international literature to describe the various money laundering techniques associated with the illegal trade in wild fauna and flora, which largely bypass the banking system. In the article, I highlight the difficulties of preventing and detecting this type of money laundering activity by investigating authorities and highlight the basic requirements for more effective and successful criminal investigation.},
	keywords = {money laundering; wildlife crime; international criminal investigation},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {317-328},
	orcid-numbers = {Zsigmond, Csaba/0000-0001-6765-7670}
}

@article{MTMT:35500328,
	title = {Tudományos publikációs tevékenység az elmúlt húsz évben a rendőrségi gazdaságvédelem kiemelt területein mértékadó hazai folyóiratokban},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/35500328},
	author = {Nagy, Richárd and Zsigmond, Csaba},
	doi = {10.32577/mr.2024.3.14},
	journal-iso = {MAGYAR RENDÉSZET},
	journal = {MAGYAR RENDÉSZET},
	volume = {24},
	unique-id = {35500328},
	issn = {1586-2895},
	abstract = {Írásunk célja a rendőrségi gazdaságvédelem elméleti megközelítéseit, egyes kiemelt területeit a hazai mértékadó folyóiratokban az elmúlt 20 évben taglaló tudományos publikációk áttekintő elemzése, rendszerezése a tudománymetriai összefoglalás érdekében. A vizsgált területek: a gazdasági bűnözésről, rendőrségi gazdaságvédelemről általában, pénzmosás, korrupciós bűncselekmények, környezeti bűncselekmények. A publikációk áttekintését, elemzését követően megállapíthatjuk, hogy a gazdasági bűnözés elméleti megközelítéseiről szóló cikkekben a szerzők eltérő módon látják a gazdasági bűnözés jellemzőit, határait, fogalmát. A három kiemelt szakterületen megjelent cikkekben a nemzetközi, európai uniós és hazai jogszabályi környezet változásait, a felmerülő dogmatikai és jogértelmezési kérdéseket, kriminológiai jellemzőket, sikeresen megoldott ügyekben szerzett tapasztalatokat, bevált gyakorlatokat osztottak meg, illetve a korrupciós témakörben a bűncselekménytípus nagy látenciájára tekintettel kutatásmódszertani kérdéseket tárgyaltak. Cikkünk remekül mutatja az egyes területeken a különböző tudományos álláspontokat, azok fejlődését, alakulását. A szakterületen megjelent írások ilyen áttekintő jellegű elemzése hasznos forrásként szolgálhat nem csupán a gyakorlatban dolgozó jogalkalmazóknak, hanem a témában kutató tudományos szakembereknek is, mivel megismerhetik az egyes tudományos álláspontokat, a jogszabályi környezet fejlődését, változásait, a felmerülő dogmatikai kérdéseket.},
	keywords = {pénzmosás; a rendőrség gazdaságvédelmi tevékenysége; gazdasági bűnözés; korrupciós bűncselekmények; környezeti bűncselekmények},
	year = {2024},
	eissn = {1787-050X},
	pages = {227-246},
	orcid-numbers = {Nagy, Richárd/0000-0003-0988-719X; Zsigmond, Csaba/0000-0001-6765-7670}
}

@inbook{MTMT:35579184,
	title = {Réflexions sur le nouveau rapport sur la criminalité liée aux espèces sauvages 2024 : la menace posée par la criminalité transnationale organisée},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/35579184},
	author = {Zsigmond-Sziebig, Orsolya Johanna and Zsigmond, Csaba},
	booktitle = {Le droit international en transition},
	unique-id = {35579184},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {41-60},
	orcid-numbers = {Zsigmond-Sziebig, Orsolya Johanna/0000-0002-9313-9903; Zsigmond, Csaba/0000-0001-6765-7670}
}