TY  - JOUR
AU  - Bartosiewicz, László
TI  - Gondoskodom, tehát vagyok : a combtörés gyógyulásának kórtani példái a régészeti állattanban
JF  - ARCHEOMETRIAI MŰHELY
J2  - ARCHEOMETRIAI MŰHELY
VL  - 21
PY  - 2024
IS  - 1
SP  - 19
EP  - 28
PG  - 10
SN  - 1786-271X
DO  - 10.55023/issn.1786-271X.2024-003
UR  - https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/34790212
ID  - 34790212
AB  - A cikk Margaret Mead, az egykori amerikai kulturális antropológus állítólagos mondására reflektál, miszerint a civilizáció első régészeti jele egy gyógyult emberi combcsont, a gondoskodás legkorábbi bizonyítéka. Meglehet rendkívül ritkán, de összeforrt combcsontok az őslénytani és régészeti állattani leletanyagban is felbukkannak. Ezekre háziállatok esetében lehet magyarázat az emberi gondoskodás, amellyel azonban barlangi medve vagy kardfogú tigris esetében aligha számolhatunk. A combcsonttörések rendszertani, anatómiai és viselkedéstani vonatkozásait rendszerezetten áttekintve nyilvánvaló, hogy a jelenséget erősen leegyszerűsítő mondás aligha származhat megfontolt tudóstól, inkább a városi legendák körébe sorolható. Ugyanakkor, mint cseppben a tenger, tükrözi a természet- és bölcsészettudományok integrált értelmezésének jogos igényét is.
LA  - Hungarian
DB  - MTMT
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Gál, Erika
AU  - Bartosiewicz, László
TI  - Integrating new prehistoric palaeopathological finds from Hungary
JF  - ANIMALS
J2  - ANIMALS-BASEL
VL  - 13
PY  - 2023
IS  - 12
SN  - 2076-2615
DO  - 10.3390/ani13121994
UR  - https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/34017615
ID  - 34017615
AB  - Simple Summary The authors first present eight animal remains showing pathological changes, found in two Middle Neolithic assemblages in northern and western Hungary. Among the disorders identified in this set of animal remains, linear enamel hypoplasia was recognized for the first time in the Hungarian Neolithic. These Middle Neolithic finds were then reviewed within the context of palaeopathological data from the better-represented Early and Late Neolithic and, subsequent, (Late Copper Age and Early Bronze Age) prehistoric periods. Along with the increasing number of cases observed, patterns have begun to emerge in the taxonomic distribution of pathological lesions. The apparent great variability of the materials is, thus, discussed in terms of assemblage size, inter-observer bias and, ultimately, changes in prehistoric animal-keeping practices. Eight newly identified pathological animal remains identified in two Middle Neolithic assemblages (ca 5330-4940 calBC) in northern and western Hungary were placed within the broader context of relevant prehistoric finds. The aim was to understand the underrepresented Middle Neolithic finds in light of the better-known cases from other prehistoric periods. The newly reported cases include arthritic and inflammatory lesions, as well as dental disorders, such as linear enamel hypoplasia, recognized for the first time in the Hungarian Neolithic. Identifications were based on bone macromorphology. When large samples are available, the frequencies of pathological bone specimens reflect the taxonomic composition. Along with the increasing number of cases, longevity related to exploitation for secondary products also became manifest. Therefore, the effects of assemblage size, disease classification and differences between authors (related to training and the time of publication) need to be considered before pathological lesions can be interpreted in terms of diachronic changes in animal husbandry.
LA  - English
DB  - MTMT
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Bartosiewicz, László
TI  - Thirty years in the service of cholarship. The Archaeolingua Foundation
TS  - The Archaeolingua Foundation
JF  - HUNGARIAN ARCHAEOLOGY
J2  - HUNG ARCHAEOL
VL  - 11
PY  - 2022
IS  - 2
SP  - 1
EP  - 9
PG  - 9
SN  - 2416-0296
DO  - 10.36338/ha2022.2.1
UR  - https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/33088666
ID  - 33088666
AB  - The Archaeolingua Foundation is a particular charitable organisation registered in Budapest, Hungary, in
1991. It was established by Sándor Bökönyi (1926–1994, Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
and director of the former Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Wolfgang
Meid (professor of linguistics at the University of Innsbruck, Austria), and the “Computer Applications in
Archaeology” Research Team of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences represented by its dedicated members, Erzsébet Jerem and Ferenc Redő. This article offers a brief review of the Foundation’s first thirty
years, based on the author’s impressions, with particular emphasis on publication output, a reliable objective measure of its various cultural activities.
LA  - English
DB  - MTMT
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Bartosiewicz, László
TI  - Harminc év a tudományosság szolgálatában. Az Archaeolingua Alapítvány
TS  - Az Archaeolingua Alapítvány
JF  - MAGYAR RÉGÉSZET
J2  - MAGY RÉGÉSZ
VL  - 11
PY  - 2022
IS  - 2
SP  - 1
EP  - 8
PG  - 8
SN  - 2416-0288
DO  - 10.36245/mr.2022.2.1
UR  - https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/33088651
ID  - 33088651
AB  - Az Archaeolingua Alapítvány 1991-ben Budapesten bejegyzett kiemelten közhasznú szervezet, melyet Bökönyi Sándor akadémikus (1926–1994, az egykori MTA Régészeti Intézetének igazgatója), Wolfgang Meid (az
Innsbrucki Egyetem nyelvészeti intézetének professor emeritusa) és az MTA Régészeti Intézetének „Számítástechnika alkalmazása a régészetben” nevű kutatócsoportja hozott létre (utóbbit Jerem Erzsébet és Redő
Ferenc képviselte). Ez a cikk az Alapítvány első harminc évének rövid áttekintése, különös tekintettel a
publikációs eredményekre, amelyek a sokrétű kulturális tevékenység megbízható, objektív mércéjének bizonyultak. Nem célja, hogy összefoglalja az Alapítvány történetét; elsősorban inkább azzal foglalkozik – egy
szereplő tapasztalatainak tükrében – mi történt az eredeti célkitűzésekkel a tudományos kutatás és könyvkiadás ezen területén. A visszatekintés ugyanakkor arra is alkalmat ad, hogy megfogalmazzuk a tudományos
könyvkiadás és publikációk sokféle formájának mai lehetőségeit és kihívásait.
LA  - Hungarian
DB  - MTMT
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Gál, Erika
AU  - Bartosiewicz, László
AU  - Kiss, Viktória
TI  - A fifth–sixth century CE lynx (Lynx lynx L., 1758) skeleton from Hungary: Cranial morphology and zoological interpretations
JF  - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY
J2  - INT J OSTEOARCHAEOL
VL  - 32
PY  - 2022
IS  - 4
SP  - 783
EP  - 791
PG  - 9
SN  - 1047-482X
DO  - 10.1002/oa.3101
UR  - https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/33049697
ID  - 33049697
AB  - The articulated skeleton of an adult male lynx was found in association with four dogs and scattered bones of other domesticates in a pit at Zamárdi-Kútvölgyi-dűlő II, Hungary. Lynx remains occur rarely in the archaeological record, and protocols for ageing and sexing do not exist. The intact skull of the skeleton offered an opportunity to review the craniological features of the species in comparison with a reference material of extant individuals, complementing our knowledge of lynx osteology, providing an empirical basis for zooarchaeological evaluation. Although caution is due in assigning a concrete function to the curious Zamárdi deposit, familiarity with the craniological properties, habitat preferences, and behavior of Eurasian lynx is indispensable in cultural interpretations subject to a forthcoming study on the osteoarchaeology of this rare wild felid.
LA  - English
DB  - MTMT
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Bartosiewicz, László
TI  - Fish consumption in the archiepiscopal residence of Esztergom in the context of fi shing, aquaculture and cuisine
JF  - ANTAEUS: COMMUNICATIONES EX INSTITUTO ARCHAEOLOGICO ACADEMIAE SCIENTIARUM HUNGARICAE
J2  - ANTAEUS
VL  - 37
PY  - 2021
SP  - 387
EP  - 419
PG  - 33
SN  - 0238-0218
DO  - 10.62149/Antaeus.37.2021_14
UR  - https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/34016197
ID  - 34016197
LA  - English
DB  - MTMT
ER  - 

TY  - GEN
ED  - Szilágyi, Veronika
ED  - Bajnóczi, Bernadett
ED  - Bárány, Annamária
ED  - Bartosiewicz, László
ED  - Ilon, Gábor
ED  - Kasztovszky, Zsolt
ED  - Kiss, Viktória
ED  - Lencz, Balázs
ED  - Molnár, Mihály
ED  - Péterdi, Bálint
ED  - Sümegi, Pál
ED  - Szakmány, György
ED  - Székely, Balázs
ED  - T. Biró, Katalin
ED  - Zöldföldi, Judit
TI  - Archeometriai Műhely. 18. évfolyam
TS  - 18. évfolyam
PY  - 2021
UR  - https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/32709878
ID  - 32709878
LA  - Hungarian
DB  - MTMT
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Gál, Erika
AU  - Bartosiewicz, László
TI  - Animal Remains from the Late Medieval Kitchen of the Esztergom Archdiocese, Hungary – The Benefits of Screening
JF  - STARINAR
J2  - STARINAR
VL  - 71
PY  - 2021
SP  - 231
EP  - 251
PG  - 21
SN  - 0350-0241
DO  - 10.2298/STA2171231G
UR  - https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/32554163
ID  - 32554163
LA  - English
DB  - MTMT
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Patterson, Nick
AU  - Isakov, Michael
AU  - Booth, Thomas
AU  - Büster, Lindsey
AU  - Fischer, Claire-Elise
AU  - Olalde, Iñigo
AU  - Ringbauer, Harald
AU  - Akbari, Ali
AU  - Cheronet, Olivia
AU  - Bleasdale, Madeleine
AU  - Adamski, Nicole
AU  - Altena, Eveline
AU  - Bernardos, Rebecca
AU  - Brace, Selina
AU  - Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen
AU  - Callan, Kimberly
AU  - Candilio, Francesca
AU  - Culleton, Brendan
AU  - Curtis, Elizabeth
AU  - Demetz, Lea
AU  - Carlson, Kellie Sara Duffett
AU  - Fernandes, Daniel M.
AU  - Foody, M. George B.
AU  - Freilich, Suzanne
AU  - Goodchild, Helen
AU  - Kearns, Aisling
AU  - Lawson, Ann Marie
AU  - Lazaridis, Iosif
AU  - Mah, Matthew
AU  - Mallick, Swapan
AU  - Mandl, Kirsten
AU  - Micco, Adam
AU  - Michel, Megan
AU  - Morante, Guillermo Bravo
AU  - Oppenheimer, Jonas
AU  - Özdoğan, Kadir Toykan
AU  - Qiu, Lijun
AU  - Schattke, Constanze
AU  - Stewardson, Kristin
AU  - Workman, J. Noah
AU  - Zalzala, Fatma
AU  - Zhang, Zhao
AU  - Agustí, Bibiana
AU  - Allen, Tim
AU  - Almássy, Katalin
AU  - Amkreutz, Luc
AU  - Ash, Abigail
AU  - Baillif-Ducros, Christèle
AU  - Barclay, Alistair
AU  - Bartosiewicz, László
AU  - Baxter, Katherine
AU  - Bernert, Zsolt
AU  - Blažek, Jan
AU  - Bodružić, Mario
AU  - Boissinot, Philippe
AU  - Bonsall, Clive
AU  - Bradley, Pippa
AU  - Brittain, Marcus
AU  - Brookes, Alison
AU  - Brown, Fraser
AU  - Brown, Lisa
AU  - Brunning, Richard
AU  - Budd, Chelsea
AU  - Burmaz, Josip
AU  - Canet, Sylvain
AU  - Carnicero-Cáceres, Silvia
AU  - Čaušević-Bully, Morana
AU  - Chamberlain, Andrew
AU  - Chauvin, Sébastien
AU  - Clough, Sharon
AU  - Čondić, Natalija
AU  - Coppa, Alfredo
AU  - Craig, Oliver
AU  - Črešnar, Matija
AU  - Cummings, Vicki
AU  - Czifra, Szabolcs
AU  - Danielisová, Alžběta
AU  - Daniels, Robin
AU  - Davies, Alex
AU  - de Jersey, Philip
AU  - Deacon, Jody
AU  - Deminger, Csilla
AU  - Ditchfield, Peter W.
AU  - Dizdar, Marko
AU  - Dobeš, Miroslav
AU  - Dobisíková, Miluše
AU  - Domboróczki, László
AU  - Drinkall, Gail
AU  - Đukić, Ana
AU  - Edwards, Ceiridwen J.
AU  - Ernée, Michal
AU  - Evans, Christopher
AU  - Evans, Jane
AU  - Fernández-Götz, Manuel
AU  - Filipović, Slavica
AU  - Fitzpatrick, Andrew
AU  - Fokkens, Harry
AU  - Fowler, Chris
AU  - Fox, Allison
AU  - Gallina, Zsolt
AU  - Gamble, Michelle
AU  - González Morales, Manuel R.
AU  - González-Rabanal, Borja
AU  - Green, Adrian
AU  - Gyenesei, Katalin
AU  - Habermehl, Diederick
AU  - Hajdu, Tamás
AU  - Hamilton, Derek
AU  - Harris, James
AU  - Hayden, Chris
AU  - Hendriks, Joep
AU  - Hernu, Bénédicte
AU  - Hey, Gill
AU  - Horňák, Milan
AU  - Ilon, Gábor
AU  - Istvánovits, Eszter
AU  - Jones, Andy M.
AU  - Kavur, Martina Blečić
AU  - Kazek, Kevin
AU  - Kenyon, Robert A.
AU  - Khreisheh, Amal
AU  - Kiss, Viktória
AU  - Kleijne, Jos
AU  - Knight, Mark
AU  - Kootker, Lisette M.
AU  - Kovács, Péter F.
AU  - Kozubová, Anita
AU  - Kulcsár, Gabriella
AU  - Kulcsár, Valéria
AU  - Le Pennec, Christophe
AU  - Legge, Michael
AU  - Leivers, Matt
AU  - Loe, Louise
AU  - López-Costas, Olalla
AU  - Lord, Tom
AU  - Los, Dženi
AU  - Lyall, James
AU  - Marín-Arroyo, Ana B.
AU  - Mason, Philip
AU  - Matošević, Damir
AU  - Maxted, Andy
AU  - McIntyre, Lauren
AU  - McKinley, Jacqueline
AU  - McSweeney, Kathleen
AU  - Meijlink, Bernard
AU  - Mende, Balázs Gusztáv
AU  - Menđušić, Marko
AU  - Metlička, Milan
AU  - Meyer, Sophie
AU  - Mihovilić, Kristina
AU  - Milasinovic, Lidija
AU  - Minnitt, Steve
AU  - Moore, Joanna
AU  - Morley, Geoff
AU  - Mullan, Graham
AU  - Musilová, Margaréta
AU  - Neil, Benjamin
AU  - Nicholls, Rebecca
AU  - Novak, Mario
AU  - Pala, Maria
AU  - Papworth, Martin
AU  - Paresys, Cécile
AU  - Patten, Ricky
AU  - Perkić, Domagoj
AU  - Pesti, Krisztina
AU  - Petit, Alba
AU  - Petriščáková, Katarína
AU  - Pichon, Coline
AU  - Pickard, Catriona
AU  - Pilling, Zoltán
AU  - Price, T. Douglas
AU  - Radović, Siniša
AU  - Redfern, Rebecca
AU  - Resutík, Branislav
AU  - Rhodes, Daniel T.
AU  - Richards, Martin B.
AU  - Roberts, Amy
AU  - Roefstra, Jean
AU  - Sankot, Pavel
AU  - Šefčáková, Alena
AU  - Sheridan, Alison
AU  - Skae, Sabine
AU  - Šmolíková, Miroslava
AU  - Somogyi, Krisztina
AU  - Somogyvári, Ágnes
AU  - Stephens, Mark
AU  - Szabó, Géza
AU  - Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna
AU  - Szeniczey, Tamás
AU  - Tabor, Jonathan
AU  - Tankó, Károly
AU  - Maria, Clenis Tavarez
AU  - Terry, Rachel
AU  - Teržan, Biba
AU  - Teschler-Nicola, Maria
AU  - Torres-Martínez, Jesús F.
AU  - Trapp, Julien
AU  - Turle, Ross
AU  - Ujvári, Ferenc
AU  - van der Heiden, Menno
AU  - Veleminsky, Petr
AU  - Veselka, Barbara
AU  - Vytlačil, Zdeněk
AU  - Waddington, Clive
AU  - Ware, Paula
AU  - Wilkinson, Paul
AU  - Wilson, Linda
AU  - Wiseman, Rob
AU  - Young, Eilidh
AU  - Zaninović, Joško
AU  - Žitňan, Andrej
AU  - Lalueza-Fox, Carles
AU  - de Knijff, Peter
AU  - Barnes, Ian
AU  - Halkon, Peter
AU  - Thomas, Mark G.
AU  - Kennett, Douglas J.
AU  - Cunliffe, Barry
AU  - Lillie, Malcolm
AU  - Rohland, Nadin
AU  - Pinhasi, Ron
AU  - Armit, Ian
AU  - Reich, David
TI  - Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age
JF  - NATURE
J2  - NATURE
VL  - 601
PY  - 2021
IS  - 7894
SP  - 588
EP  - 594
PG  - 7
SN  - 0028-0836
DO  - 10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4
UR  - https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/32548912
ID  - 32548912
N1  - Funding Agency and Grant Number: European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programmeEuropean Research Council (ERC) [834087]; Croatian Science Fund [HRZZ IP-2016-06-1450]; Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic [DKRVO 2019-2023/7.I.c, 00023272]; Czech Academy of Sciences award Praemium Academiae; Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of SciencesCzech Academy of Sciences [RVO 67985912]; Leverhulme TrustLeverhulme Trust [RPG-388]; South, West & Wales Doctoral Training Partnership; Culture Vannin; Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of SciencesHungarian Academy of Sciences; Hungarian Research, Development and Innovation OfficeNational Research, Development & Innovation Office (NRDIO) - Hungary [FK128013]; Wellcome Trust Investigator AwardWellcome Trust [100713/Z/12/Z]; Ramon y Cajal grant from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, Spanish Government [RYC2019-027909-I]; NIHUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA [GM100233, HG012287]; John Templeton Foundation [61220]; Allen Discovery Center program; Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group advised program of the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation
            Funding text: We thank P. Csengeri, T. de Rider, M. Giesen, E. Melis, A. Parkin and A. Schmitt for their contribution to sample selection and collection of archaeological data; R. Crellin, J. Koch, K. Kristiansen and G. Kroonen for comments on the manuscript; A. Williamson for manually revising Y chromosome haplogroup determinations and making corrections to nine; and M. Lee for assistance with data entry. This work was funded in part by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 834087; the COMMIOS Project to I.A.). M.N. was supported by the Croatian Science Fund grant (HRZZ IP-2016-06-1450). P.V., M.Dobe and Z.V. were supported by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic (DKRVO 2019-2023/7.I.c, 00023272). M.E. was supported by Czech Academy of Sciences award Praemium Academiae. M.Dobisikova and A.Danielisova were supported by the grant RVO 67985912 of the Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences. M.G.B.F. was funded by The Leverhulme Trust via a Doctoral Scholarship scheme awarded to M.Pala and M.B.R. Support to M.Legge came from the South, West & Wales Doctoral Training Partnership. M.G.'s osteological analyses were funded by Culture Vannin. A.S.-N. was supported by the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. T.H., T.S. and K.K.'s work was supported by a grant from the Hungarian Research, Development and Innovation Office (project number: FK128013). We acknowledge support for radiocarbon dating and stable isotope analyses as well as access to skeletal material from Manx National Heritage and A. Fox. Dating analysis was funded by Leverhulme Trust grant RPG-388. M.G.T. and I.B. were supported by a Wellcome Trust Investigator Award (project 100713/Z/12/Z). I.O. was supported by a Ramon y Cajal grant from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, Spanish Government (RYC2019-027909-I). The research directed at Harvard was funded by NIH grants GM100233 and HG012287, by John Templeton Foundation grant 61220, by a gift from Jean-Francois Clin, and by the Allen Discovery Center program, a Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group advised program of the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation. D.R. is also an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
AB  - Present-day people from England and Wales harbour more ancestry derived from Early European Farmers (EEF) than people of the Early Bronze Age. To understand this, we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to Late Bronze and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and Western and Central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 bc, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of Iron Age people of England and Wales, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange2–6. There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and Britain’s independent genetic trajectory is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to ~50% by this time compared to ~7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period.
LA  - English
DB  - MTMT
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Daróczi-Szabó, Márta
AU  - Kovács, Zsófia Eszter
AU  - Raczky, Pál
AU  - Bartosiewicz, László
TI  - Pending danger. Recent Copper Agelion (Panthera leo L., 1758) finds from Hungary
TS  - Recent Copper Agelion (Panthera leo L., 1758) finds from Hungary
JF  - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY
J2  - INT J OSTEOARCHAEOL
VL  - 30
PY  - 2020
IS  - 4
SP  - 469
EP  - 481
PG  - 13
SN  - 1047-482X
DO  - 10.1002/oa.2875
UR  - https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/31295530
ID  - 31295530
AB  - Lions reached their northernmost distribution in the Carpathian Basin at a time when the climate turned cooler and drier and the complex Late Neolithic settlement network, marked by human populations concentrated on and around tells, disintegrated. A perforated distal phalanx and a calcaneus of lion (Panthera leo L., 1758) from two different Copper Age (5th-4th millennium cal BC) settlements in Hungary contribute to mapping the distribution of Holocene lions in southeast Europe. Previous discoveries of lion bones (representing all parts of the body) have offered evidence of local lion hunting and probable consumption. The new finds also illustrate the cognitive significance of lions and help reconstruct their phenotypic size. The perforated phalanx discussed in this paper represents the large dewclaw of a powerful male, the first ever worked lion bone available in Hungary. The calcaneus offers additional metric information interpreted in light of measurements taken on extant individuals from both Asia and Africa. Inseparable environmental and cultural factors leading to the occurrence and extinction of prehistoric lions in the Carpathian Basin are reviewed in light of these new data.
LA  - English
DB  - MTMT
ER  -