@article{MTMT:36680612,
	title = {Zinc Oxide and Expandable Graphite-Based Flame Retardant Coatings of Unsaturated Polyester Resin for Composite Applications},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/36680612},
	author = {Csvila, Péter and Kovács, Zsófia and Toldy, Andrea and Czigány, Tibor},
	doi = {10.1002/vnl.70055},
	journal-iso = {J VINYL ADDIT TECHN},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF VINYL AND ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGY},
	volume = {32},
	unique-id = {36680612},
	issn = {1083-5601},
	abstract = {Halogen-free multifunctional composite coatings modified with zinc oxide (ZnO) and expandable graphite (EG) on glass fiber–reinforced unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) composites, developed for applications in electronics and other areas where local heat loads and mechanical stress can affect the composite surface, were investigated. The primary objective of the coatings was to provide mechanical protection and enhanced flame retardancy without the use of halogen-based flame retardants. The combined use of ZnO and EG reduced the maximum average rate of heat emission by 64% compared to the reference (465 kW/m2). Furthermore, the effective heat of combustion was reduced from 3156 to 41 MJ/kg with the combined use of the flame retardants. In glow wire flammability index tests, the ignition temperature increased by 310°C compared to the uncoated composite. When ZnO and EG were used together, a stable, intumescent char layer formed that effectively protected the substrate under local heat stress. The additives did not influence the adhesion of the coatings, while the combined ZnO–EG system demonstrated higher toughness and better crack dispersion under bending loads, maintaining coating integrity even after local deformation. These results indicate that halogen-free ZnO–EG coatings can provide both flame retardancy and mechanical robustness, making them promising for structural and electrical composite components exposed to heat and mechanical stress.},
	keywords = {COATING; Glass fiber; unsaturated polyester resin; Flame retardant system},
	year = {2026},
	eissn = {1548-0585},
	pages = {499-513},
	orcid-numbers = {Toldy, Andrea/0000-0003-3569-1828; Czigány, Tibor/0000-0002-5138-0141}
}

@article{MTMT:36849868,
	title = {Methods for predicting the fire behaviour of fibre reinforced thermoset composites},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/36849868},
	author = {Pomázi, Ákos and Magyar, Gergely and Toldy, Andrea},
	doi = {10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111857},
	journal-iso = {POLYM DEGRAD STABIL},
	journal = {POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY},
	volume = {245},
	unique-id = {36849868},
	issn = {0141-3910},
	abstract = {Destructive tests are typically used to evaluate the fire performance of polymers and their composites, implying high material costs and long testing times. Developing numerical models to predict flammability requires advanced mathematical expertise, IT resources, and realistic input parameters. In this study, we aimed to predict the key flammability parameters based on the chemical structure of the resin matrices and fibre content of composites, providing a potential alternative to costly experimental methods. We employed Random Forest Classifier (RFC), XGBoost algorithms, and an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict key combustion parameters: peak heat release rate (pHRR), time to ignition (TTI), total heat release (THR) and the char residue (CR) solely based on chemical structure of the epoxy matrix and fibre content of the composite. After making the predictions, we assessed the performance of the models using consistent statistical indicators (mean absolute error (MAE), mean square error (MSE), and the determination parameter (R2)).},
	year = {2026},
	eissn = {1873-2321},
	orcid-numbers = {Pomázi, Ákos/0000-0003-2969-8679; Toldy, Andrea/0000-0003-3569-1828}
}

@article{MTMT:36892322,
	title = {The synergistic effect of expandable graphite and zinc oxide as flame retardants on the properties of epoxy resin},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/36892322},
	author = {Csvila, Péter and Kovács, Zsófia and Toldy, Andrea and Czigány, Tibor},
	doi = {10.1007/s10973-025-15196-3},
	journal-iso = {J THERM ANAL CALORIM},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY},
	volume = {151},
	unique-id = {36892322},
	issn = {1388-6150},
	abstract = {In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and expandable graphite (EG) were used as flame retardants to reduce the flammability of epoxy resin. The flame retardants increased the flexural modulus of the epoxy matrix by up to 50%. The effective heat of combustion of the samples containing both ZnO and EG was reduced to more than one-third of the reference value, while the maximum average rate of heat emission of the samples showed a reduction of almost 60% compared to pure epoxy. During the burning of the epoxy resin, ZnO and EG reduced the emission of gas-phase compounds containing C-H and N-H bonds. The incorporation of ZnO into the epoxy matrix resulted in a "puff pastry-like" structure that facilitated the release of evolved gases during combustion, thereby promoting foaming in the intumescent char formation process. Moreover, ZnO contributed to the enhanced structural stability of the EG residue.},
	keywords = {CARBON NANOTUBES; THERMODYNAMICS; flame retardancy; Zinc oxide; epoxy resin; Chemistry, Analytical; Expandable graphite},
	year = {2026},
	eissn = {1588-2926},
	pages = {2141-2156},
	orcid-numbers = {Toldy, Andrea/0000-0003-3569-1828; Czigány, Tibor/0000-0002-5138-0141}
}

@article{MTMT:37018303,
	title = {Quantitative and qualitative analysis of microplastic pollution in a large European river},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/37018303},
	author = {Jahanpeyma, Pegah and Pomázi, Flóra and Ermilov, Alexander Anatol and Szöllosi, Anna and Gere, Dániel and Toldy, Andrea and Baranya, Sándor},
	doi = {10.3389/frwa.2026.1762225},
	journal-iso = {FRONT WATER},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN WATER},
	volume = {8},
	unique-id = {37018303},
	abstract = {Introduction:
		Microplastic pollution consists of plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, originating from the fragmentation of larger plastic debris due to processes such as ultraviolet radiation, as well as from primary sources including industrial plastic pellets. These particles are widely transported across atmospheric, aquatic, and terrestrial systems and pose significant environmental and health risks to flora, fauna, and humans. Rivers play a critical role in conveying microplastics to aquatic environments. This study investigates microplastic pollution in the Hungarian section (Budapest reach) of the Danube River, Europe's second-largest river and a vital water resource for the region.
		
		Methods:
		Water samples were collected across different depths of the water column using a Multilevel Manta net. Laboratory analyses were performed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and digital microscopy for polymer identification and particle characterization. Concurrent flow measurements were conducted to estimate microplastic mass flux rates.
		
		Results:
		The average microplastic concentration was 0.311 mg/m3 (142 particles/m3). The most abundant polymers were polystyrene, polyethylene, and polypropylene. Detected particles occurred in various forms, including fragments, foam, and flakes, and exhibited colors such as yellow, black, gray, and green. These findings indicate substantial microplastic contamination in the studied reach of the Danube River.
		
		Discussion:
		The results highlight the Danube River's role as a significant transport pathway for microplastics and underscore the need for targeted monitoring and mitigation strategies. This study contributes to understanding microplastic dynamics in large European rivers and provides valuable insights for developing effective pollution control and management approaches.},
	year = {2026},
	eissn = {2624-9375},
	orcid-numbers = {Ermilov, Alexander Anatol/0000-0002-2650-5870; Gere, Dániel/0000-0002-2808-2672; Toldy, Andrea/0000-0003-3569-1828; Baranya, Sándor/0000-0001-5832-9683}
}

@article{MTMT:35646662,
	title = {Flame Retardancy via in-Mould Coating and Durability of Flame Retardants After Mechanical Recycling in all-polyamide Composites Prepared by In Situ Polymerisation},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/35646662},
	author = {Kovács, Zsófia and Toldy, Andrea},
	doi = {10.1002/mame.202400325},
	journal-iso = {MACROMOL MATER ENG},
	journal = {MACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING},
	volume = {310},
	unique-id = {35646662},
	issn = {1438-7492},
	abstract = {Sustainable development requires that the structural materials can be easily recycled. The advantage of all-polyamide composites (APCs) is that the matrix and the reinforcing material come from the same material family and can be easily mechanically recycled. In the research, polyamide 6.6 (PA6.6) reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6) composites by anionic ring-opening polymerisation are prepared and created a flame retardant coating on their surface by in-mould coating. The thermal stability of the created flame retarded APCs is investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the flammability is tested by UL-94 test, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and mass loss type cone calorimetry (MLC). The coatings reduced the peak heat release rate (pHRR) by up to 49% and increased the residual mass after combustion. The flame retarded APCs are mechanically recycled with the addition of 50 mass% primary material, and their thermal properties and flammability are investigated. The most effective formulations fully preserved their ability to reduce pHRR, demonstrating the durability of flame retardant properties through multiple life cycles. In the case of the sample containing 3% phosphorus from hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) and 4% expandable graphite (EG), the pHRR after recycling is reduced by 35% compared to primary APC without flame retardants. © 2024 The Author(s). Macromolecular Materials and Engineering published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.},
	keywords = {flame retardancy; thermal; polyamides; Reinforced plastics; polyamide 6; Elastomers; Composite coatings; Flammability testing; In-situ polymerization; Plastic recycling; Mechanical recycling; Mechanical recycling; Anionic polymerization; Peak heat release rates; Premixed flames; Flame-retardancy; In situ polymerisation; polyamide composite; all-polyamide composites; polyamide 6 composite; polyamide 6 composite; All-polyamide composite; In-mold coatings},
	year = {2025},
	eissn = {1439-2054},
	orcid-numbers = {Toldy, Andrea/0000-0003-3569-1828}
}

@article{MTMT:35797494,
	title = {Safe and sustainable-by-design: Redefining polymer engineering for a greener future},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/35797494},
	author = {Toldy, Andrea},
	doi = {10.3144/expresspolymlett.2025.25},
	journal-iso = {EXPRESS POLYM LETT},
	journal = {EXPRESS POLYMER LETTERS},
	volume = {19},
	unique-id = {35797494},
	issn = {1788-618X},
	year = {2025},
	eissn = {1788-618X},
	pages = {350-350},
	orcid-numbers = {Toldy, Andrea/0000-0003-3569-1828}
}

@article{MTMT:36153153,
	title = {From scrap to structure: The challenges of carbon fibre recycling},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/36153153},
	author = {Sántha, Péter and Tamás-Bényei, Péter and Toldy, Andrea},
	doi = {10.3144/expresspolymlett.2025.49},
	journal-iso = {EXPRESS POLYM LETT},
	journal = {EXPRESS POLYMER LETTERS},
	volume = {19},
	unique-id = {36153153},
	issn = {1788-618X},
	year = {2025},
	eissn = {1788-618X},
	pages = {651-652},
	orcid-numbers = {Tamás-Bényei, Péter/0000-0002-0001-3544; Toldy, Andrea/0000-0003-3569-1828}
}

@article{MTMT:36183643,
	title = {Synergistic flame retardant coatings for carbon fibre-reinforced ε-caprolactam-based polyamide 6 composites: Fire performance and mechanical properties},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/36183643},
	author = {Kovács, Zsófia and Toldy, Andrea},
	doi = {10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111495},
	journal-iso = {POLYM DEGRAD STABIL},
	journal = {POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY},
	volume = {240},
	unique-id = {36183643},
	issn = {0141-3910},
	abstract = {The use of long fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites is increasing, but a significant drawback is their flammability due to the organic matrix. This study explores the flame retardancy of carbon fibre-reinforced PA6 composites coated via in-mould coating. The matrix and coating were made by anionic ring-opening polymerisation of ε-caprolactam. The flame retardants used were magnesium oxide (MgO), red phosphorus (RP), hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) and expandable graphite (EG). The flammability and fire performance were evaluated using pyrolysis-combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC), mass loss type cone calorimetry, and glow wire flammability index (GWFI) testing, while evolved gases were analysed using laser pyrolysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (LP-FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of the solid residues post-combustion revealed the mechanisms responsible for flame retardancy. Flame retardant coatings reduced the peak heat release rate by up to 33 % and the total heat release by up to 40 % compared to the reference sample. The combination of flame retardants containing magnesium or phosphorus with expandable graphite resulted in a synergistic flame retardant effect due to the enrichment of the heteroatoms in the outer char layers, contributing to a more stable intumescent char and protective barrier layer. The LP-FTIR analysis indicated reduced emissions of toxic gases, particularly hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and carbon monoxide (CO), furthermore, it was found that flame retardants reduced the intensity of the peaks associated with C-H vibrations and P-related peaks appeared in the presence of HPCTP and RP. Overall, the combined flame retardant coatings improved the fire safety of carbon fibre-reinforced PA6 composites without compromising mechanical properties and mitigated the negative effect of carbon fibres on char formation.},
	year = {2025},
	eissn = {1873-2321},
	orcid-numbers = {Toldy, Andrea/0000-0003-3569-1828}
}

@article{MTMT:36212418,
	title = {Synergistic flame retardancy of carbon fibre-reinforced polyimine vitrimer composites via vitrimer-based intumescent coating},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/36212418},
	author = {Toldy, Andrea and Poór, Dániel István and Szolnoki, Beáta and Geier, Norbert and Pomázi, Ákos},
	doi = {10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.109135},
	journal-iso = {COMPOS PART A-APPL S},
	journal = {COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING},
	volume = {198},
	unique-id = {36212418},
	issn = {1359-835X},
	abstract = {We developed sustainable, recyclable carbon fibre-reinforced polyimine vitrimer composites with enhanced flame retardancy via a combination of resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) in the matrix and a 10 %P ammonium polyphosphate (APP) intumescent coating, offering a promising alternative to conventional epoxy systems for advanced applications. Fire performance was evaluated using Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI), UL94, and mass loss calorimetry (MLC) tests. The APP coating acted via a condensed‐phase mechanism, forming a dense, phosphorus oxide‐rich char that reduced the peak heat release rate (pHRR) from 289 kW/m2 to 126 kW/m2—the lowest observed among the tested formulations. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM‑EDS) analysis revealed significant phosphorus enrichment in the outer char layer and, notably, an increased phosphorus content in the inner char when RDP was incorporated into the matrix. This synergistic effect indicates that RDP’s gas‐phase action effectively complemented APP’s condensed‐phase mechanism, further enhancing LOI, extending time to ignition (TTI), and reducing total heat release (THR), significantly improving overall fire resistance. Although benchmark epoxy composites exhibited higher tensile strengths, the vitrimer systems maintained competitive mechanical properties alongside superior recyclability, the ability to apply the intumescent coating via hot pressing, and intrinsic repairability. Overall, the dual-action flame retardant strategy achieved by combining RDP and APP significantly improved fire performance, demonstrating the potential of these advanced composites for multifunctional material applications.},
	year = {2025},
	eissn = {1878-5840},
	orcid-numbers = {Toldy, Andrea/0000-0003-3569-1828; Poór, Dániel István/0000-0002-8036-7966; Szolnoki, Beáta/0000-0001-7214-9734; Geier, Norbert/0000-0001-7937-7246; Pomázi, Ákos/0000-0003-2969-8679}
}

@article{MTMT:36235577,
	title = {Recent advances and challenges in the mechanical and chemical recycling of vitrimers and fibre-reinforced vitrimer composites: A review},
	url = {https://m2.mtmt.hu/api/publication/36235577},
	author = {Toldy, Andrea and Poór, Dániel István and Geier, Norbert and Pomázi, Ákos},
	doi = {10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112760},
	journal-iso = {COMPOS PART B-ENG},
	journal = {COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING},
	volume = {306},
	unique-id = {36235577},
	issn = {1359-8368},
	abstract = {Vitrimers, a class of covalent adaptable networks, have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional thermoset and thermoplastic polymers, owing to their unique reprocessability and recyclability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of mechanical and chemical recycling methodologies for vitrimers and their fibre-reinforced composites, highlighting recent advancements and innovations in the field. Firstly, the review classifies vitrimers based on their structure and dynamic covalent mechanisms and summarises their main properties. Subsequently, it gives an overview of the conditions and outcomes of both mechanical and chemical recycling processes for vitrimers. Then, after summarising the processing methods of vitrimer composites, it explores mechanical composite recycling techniques, which, while straightforward, often lead to diminished mechanical properties due to fibre length reduction. In contrast, chemical composite recycling methods demonstrate superior potential for preserving fibre integrity and recovering original monomers for closed-loop synthesis. Key studies showcasing successful recycling processes are discussed, underscoring the importance of developing closed-loop systems to enhance sustainability in material applications. Ultimately, this review aims to highlight the critical advancements in recycling strategies for vitrimers, positioning them as a vital component of sustainable composite material development.},
	year = {2025},
	eissn = {1879-1069},
	orcid-numbers = {Toldy, Andrea/0000-0003-3569-1828; Poór, Dániel István/0000-0002-8036-7966; Geier, Norbert/0000-0001-7937-7246; Pomázi, Ákos/0000-0003-2969-8679}
}