https://m2.mtmt.hu/ eng 2026-10-23 07:50 JournalArticle 37118420 VALIDATED true 0 false 2026-08-30T17:40:49.492+0000 2026-08-12T13:10:25.544+0000 2026-05-11T09:02:54.142+0000 true 10072734 Salem Ali /api/author/10072734 Author Ali Salem (Salem, A.) true 2026-08-12T13:10:30.248+0000 2026-08-12T13:10:30.248+0000 2026-08-12T13:10:25.789+0000 true 10019966 Tóth Henrietta /api/admin/10019966 Admin Henrietta Tóth (ME admin) true 10019966 true false true 24 24 /api/publicationtype/24 PublicationType Journal Article 1 true 24 JournalArticle true 10000059 Article true 24 24 /api/publicationtype/24 PublicationType Journal Article 1 true 24 JournalArticle /api/subtype/10000059 Szakcikk SubType Article (Journal Article) 101 true 10000059 true 1 /api/category/1 Category Scientific true 1 Eteraf, Hasan true true /api/journal/10019966 REVIEWED SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 2045-2322 true false 10019966 false 10019966 true 2045-2322 Journal FOREIGN 16 1 20813 20813 23 2026 Groundwater quality in arid and semi-arid regions is under increasing pressure from both natural and anthropogenic sources. This study presents a comprehensive assessment of groundwater quality in the Gonbad Plain, Iran, to determine its suitability for drinking and to identify the controlling hydrogeochemical processes. A total of 45 groundwater samples were analyzed for their physicochemical parameters, and the data were evaluated using an integrated approach combining hydrochemical facies analysis, geochemical modeling (PHREEQC), multivariate statistical techniques (Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchal cluster analysis (HCA)), and human health risk assessment (Heavy metal pollution index (HPI), Hazard quotient (HQ), Hazard index (HI)). The results reveal a hydrochemical evolution from fresh Ca-HCO₃ type water to saline Na-Cl type water, primarily controlled by three key mechanisms: (1) dissolution of evaporite minerals (halite and gypsum), (2) cation exchange, and (3) evaporation. The Gibbs diagrams confirmed that rock-water interaction and evaporation are the dominant processes governing water chemistry. Iron concentrations varied from 0.01 mg/L to 4.12 mg/L, with a mean of 0.46 mg/L and a standard deviation of 0.66 mg/L. The median iron concentration was 0.27 mg/L. Manganese concentrations ranged from 0.015 mg/L to 0.47 mg/L, with a mean of 0.09 mg/L and a standard deviation of 0.07 mg/L. The median manganese concentration was 0.08 mg/L. The HPI indicated a critical water quality crisis, with 77.8% of the samples being unsuitable for drinking (HPI > 100), primarily due to elevated concentrations of manganese. The non-carcinogenic health risk assessment revealed that while the dermal exposure pathway poses no significant risk, oral ingestion of groundwater presents a potential health hazard, particularly for children. The HI exceeded the safe limit of 1.0 in 11.1% of the samples for children, with manganese being the primary contributor to the risk. This is the first study apply integrated framework that combines multivariate statistics, geochemical modeling, and health risk indices to evaluate groundwater vulnerability in Gonbad-e Kavus. The study’s alignment with UN Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation). true 2026 true true true false true false GOLD 2026-08-30 true https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-51636-2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 Q1 A nemzetközi false false false false 2026-08-09T09:03:00.444+0000 Víz- és Környezetgazdálkodási Intézet (ME / MFK) 3 8 1 3 0 true Language 10002 /api/language/10002 English Angol English true 2 true PersonAuthorship 137832455 /api/authorship/137832455 Eteraf, Hasan [Eteraf, Hasan (Geotechnika), author] Institute of Water Resources and Environmental ... (UM / FESE) 1 0.333 true false false Author 10068351 /api/author/10068351 Hasan Eteraf (Geotechnika) Eteraf Hasan true true Eteraf Hasan true false false AuthorshipType 1 /api/authorshiptype/1 Author 0 true 0 true false true PersonAuthorship 137832456 /api/authorship/137832456 Mikita, Viktória [Mikita, Viktória (Hidrogeológia), author] Institute of Water Resources and Environmental ... (UM / FESE) 2 0.333 false false false Author 10030108 /api/author/10030108 Viktória Mikita (Hidrogeológia) Mikita Viktória true 10030108 true Mikita Viktória true false false AuthorshipType 1 /api/authorshiptype/1 Author 0 true 0 true false true PersonAuthorship 137832457 /api/authorship/137832457 Kovács, Balázs [Kovács, Balázs (Hidrogeológia), author] Institute of Water Resources and Environmental ... (UM / FESE) 3 0.333 false true false Author 10002703 /api/author/10002703 Balázs Kovács (Hidrogeológia) Kovács Balázs true 10002703 true Kovács Balázs true false false AuthorshipType 1 /api/authorshiptype/1 Author 0 true 0 true false true PublicationIdentifier 31983192 /api/publicationidentifier/31983192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-51636-2 PlainSource 6 /api/publicationsource/6 DOI PublicationSourceType 10001 /api/publicationsourcetype/10001 DOI true true true DOI DOI https://doi.org/@@@ true true 6 true GREEN true IDENTICAL 10.1038/s41598-026-51636-2 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-51636-2 false true PublicationIdentifier 32698209 /api/publicationidentifier/32698209 WoS: 001813661700003 PlainSource 1 /api/publicationsource/1 WoS PublicationSourceType 10003 /api/publicationsourcetype/10003 Indexelő adatbázis false true true WoS WoS https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/full-record/@@@ true true 1 true IDENTICAL 001813661700003 https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/full-record/001813661700003 true true PublicationIdentifier 32671890 /api/publicationidentifier/32671890 Scopus: 105043892116 PlainSource 3 /api/publicationsource/3 Scopus PublicationSourceType 10003 /api/publicationsourcetype/10003 Indexelő adatbázis false true true Scopus Scopus http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?origin=inward&eid=2-s2.0-@@@ true true 3 true IDENTICAL 105043892116 http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?origin=inward&eid=2-s2.0-105043892116 true true PublicationIdentifier 31983193 /api/publicationidentifier/31983193 Other URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-51636-2 PlainSource 40 /api/publicationsource/40 Other URL PublicationSourceType 10006 /api/publicationsourcetype/10006 Link true true true Egyéb URL Other URL @@@ true true 40 true GREEN true IDENTICAL https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-51636-2 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-51636-2 false true MtaRating 519359 /api/mtarating/519359 IX. Committee on Sociology:A nemzetközi SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 2045-2322 RatingType 10007 /api/ratingtype/10007 IX. Committee on Sociology SZTB Institute 14102 /api/institute/14102 Committee on Sociology HASSELIX SZTB [1901-] 0 false true false Szociológiai Tudományos Bizottság Committee on Sociology true 14102 true true true A nemzetközi true 19359 true MtaRating 11551161 /api/mtarating/11551161 IX. Committee on Regional Studies:B nemzetközi SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 2045-2322 RatingType 10010 /api/ratingtype/10010 IX. Committee on Regional Studies RegTB Institute 14100 /api/institute/14100 Committee on Regional Studies HASSELIX RTB [1901-] 0 false true false Regionális Tudományok Bizottsága Committee on Regional Studies true 14100 true true true B nemzetközi false true SjrRating 11736537 /api/sjrrating/11736537 sjr:Q1 (2026) Scopus - Multidisciplinary SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 2045-2322 24 0.24 journal RatingType 10002 /api/ratingtype/10002 sjr sjr true true ClassificationExternal 1000 /api/classificationexternal/1000 Scopus - Multidisciplinary true 1000 true Q1 FROM_LAST_YEAR true true /api/publication/37118420 Eteraf Hasan et al. Hydrochemical and health risk evaluation of the groundwater in Gonbad Kavus area, northeastern Iran. (2026) SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 2045-2322 16 1<div class="JournalArticle Publication long-list"> <div class="authors"> <img title="Forrásközlemény" style="float: left" src="/frontend/resources/grid/publication-core-icon.png"> <img title="Idézőközlemény" style="float: left" src="/frontend/resources/grid/publication-citation-icon.png"> <div class="autype autype0"> <span class="author-name" mtid="10068351"><a href="/gui2/?type=authors&mode=browse&sel=10068351" target="_blank">Eteraf Hasan (<span class="authorship-author-name">Eteraf Hasan</span> <span class="authorAux-mtmt"> Geotechnika</span>) </a> </span> <span class="author-affil"><span title="University of Miskolc">UM</span>/<span title="Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Engineering ">FESE</span>/Institute of Water Resources and Environmental Management</span> ;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="author-name" mtid="10030108"><a href="/gui2/?type=authors&mode=browse&sel=10030108" target="_blank">Mikita Viktória (<span class="authorship-author-name">Mikita Viktória</span> <span class="authorAux-mtmt"> Hidrogeológia</span>) </a> </span> <span class="author-affil"><span title="University of Miskolc">UM</span>/<span title="Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Engineering ">FESE</span>/Institute of Water Resources and Environmental Management</span> ;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="author-name" mtid="10002703"><a href="/gui2/?type=authors&mode=browse&sel=10002703" target="_blank">Kovács Balázs (<span class="authorship-author-name">Kovács Balázs</span> <span class="authorAux-mtmt"> Hidrogeológia</span>) </a> </span> <span class="author-affil"><span title="University of Miskolc">UM</span>/<span title="Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Engineering ">FESE</span>/Institute of Water Resources and Environmental Management</span> </div> </div> <div class="title"><a href="/gui2/?mode=browse&params=publication;37118420" target="_blank">Hydrochemical and health risk evaluation of the groundwater in Gonbad Kavus area, northeastern Iran</a></div> <div> <span class="journal-title">SCIENTIFIC REPORTS</span> <span class="journal-issn">( <a target="_blank" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>)</span>: <span class="journal-volume">16</span> <span class="journal-issue">1</span> <span class="page"> Paper 20813. 23 p. </span> <span class="year">(2026)</span> </div> <div class="pub-footer"> <span class="language" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/html">Language: English | </span> <span class="identifiers"> <span class="id identifier oa_GREEN" title=" Green "> <a style="color:blue" title="10.1038/s41598-026-51636-2" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-51636-2"> DOI </a> </span> <span class="id identifier oa_none" title="none"> <a style="color:blue" title="001813661700003" target="_blank" href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/full-record/001813661700003"> WoS </a> </span> <span class="id identifier oa_none" title="none"> <a style="color:blue" title="105043892116" target="_blank" href="http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?origin=inward&eid=2-s2.0-105043892116"> Scopus </a> </span> <span class="id identifier oa_GREEN" title=" Green "> <a style="color:blue" title="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-51636-2" target="_blank" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-51636-2"> Other URL </a> </span> </span> <OnlyViewableByAuthor><div class="ratings"> <div class="journal-subject">Journal subject: Scopus - Multidisciplinary&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Rank:&nbsp;Q1</div> <div class="journal-subject">Committee on Sociology HASSELIX SZTB [1901-]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A nemzetközi</div> <div class="journal-subject">Committee on Regional Studies HASSELIX RTB [1901-]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;B nemzetközi</div> </div></OnlyViewableByAuthor> <div class="publication-citation"> <a target="_blank" href="/api/publication?cond=citations.related;eq;37118420&sort=publishedYear,desc&sort=title"> Number of cited publications: 3 </a> </div> <div class="mtid"><span class="long-pub-mtid">Publication: 37118420</span> | <span class="status-data status-VALIDATED"> Validated </span> Core Citing | <span class="type-subtype">Journal Article ( Article ) </span> | <span class="pub-category">Scientific</span> | <span class="publication-sourceOfData"></span> </div> <div class="lastModified">Last Modified: 2026.08.12. 15:10 Henrietta Tóth (ME admin) </div> </div></div>