Soil respiration, the main ecosystem process that produces carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere, is sensitive to extreme climatic events. The immediate, usually negative
effect of droughts on soil respiration has often been observed, but the recovery of
soil respiration following drought is rarely documented. Soil respiration can be reduced
beyond the drought year if drought‐induced changes suppress soil activity. Alternatively,
reduction in soil respiration may be overcompensated in the subsequent years due to
increased substrate input and soil moisture, resulting from plant dieback during drought.
In addition, post‐drought weather patterns may also affect the recovery of soil respiration.
In a full‐factorial grassland experiment, we combined an extreme (5 months) summer
drought in 2014 with four levels of post‐drought precipitation regimes, including
severe (2 months) droughts, moderate (1 month) droughts, ambient weather, and water
addition (four large rain events) in summers of 2015 and 2016. We measured soil respiration
monthly between May and November, from 2013 to 2016. The extreme drought had an immediate
strong negative effect, decreasing soil respiration by 50.8% in 2014 compared to the
control plots, and it had a negative legacy effect in 2015 (14.5% reduction), but
not in 2016. This legacy effect was unaffected by the post‐drought precipitation regime.
Moderate drought decreased soil respiration by 12.1% and 18.6%, while severe drought
decreased soil respiration by 18.3% and 27.3% in 2015 and 2016, respectively, while
water addition had no effect. Since soil water content in extreme drought plots recovered
by 2015, we hypothesize that changes in soil biota and reduced root activity are responsible
for extreme drought's long‐term negative effects. Overall, our results highlight that
extreme droughts may have negative effects on soil respiration well beyond the event,
and thus the full effect on carbon cycling may be much larger than what is estimated
solely based on the immediate effects.
