This chapter explores the relationship between demographic change and the macroeconomic
condition of society. It describes three approaches to population growth that are
present within economic theory and demonstrates how the last decades have offered
evidence that demographic growth should generally not be seen as a threat to socio-economic
development. In addition, the chapter discusses selected aspects of the economy in
the context of the influence of demographic decline. In connection to this, it presents
the simplified scheme of the process of the influence of a decrease in fertility and
population ageing on economic stagnation. Finally, the impact of the quality, structure,
and stability of the family environment on the economy is examined in the context
of positive outcomes such as human and social capital.