Comparative study of flame retardancy in polyimine vitrimers and composites: Evaluating additive and reactive flame retardants acting via gas-, solid-, and combined-phase mechanisms

https://m2.mtmt.hu/ eng 2026-05-30 11:52 JournalArticle 34822025 VALIDATED true Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Hungary MTA-BME Lendület Sustainable Polymers Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Budapest 1111, Hungary Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Hungary HUN-REN–BME Research Group for Composite Science and Technology, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary Export Date: 26 April 2024 CODEN: JSCTE Correspondence Address: Toldy, A.; Department of Polymer Engineering, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Hungary; email: atoldy@edu.bme.hu 0 false 2026-05-23T18:46:25.080+0000 2024-06-04T13:55:24.867+0000 2024-04-26T06:23:31.861+0000 true 10072271 Andódy Katalin /api/admin/10072271 Admin Katalin Andódy (BME admin4) true 2025-12-28T16:49:00.165+0000 2024-06-04T13:55:23.558+0000 true 521 Szuper Admin /api/admin/521 Admin Admin Szuper (admin) true Admin 10014568 /api/admin/10014568 Andrea Vándor (VA, admin) Vándor Andrea true 10014568 true 2025-06-04T14:23:03.301+0000 true false true 24 24 /api/publicationtype/24 PublicationType Journal Article 1 true 24 JournalArticle true 10000059 Article true 24 24 /api/publicationtype/24 PublicationType Journal Article 1 true 24 JournalArticle /api/subtype/10000059 Szakcikk SubType Article (Journal Article) 101 true 10000059 true 1 /api/category/1 Category Scientific true 1 Toldy, Andrea Comparative study of flame retardancy in polyimine vitrimers and composites: Evaluating additive and reactive flame retardants acting via gas-, solid-, and combined-phase mechanisms true true /api/journal/13466 REVIEWED JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 1005-0302 1941-1162 true false 13466 false 13466 true 1005-0302 1941-1162 Journal FOREIGN 196 101 111 101 11 2024 We developed flame retarded polyimine type vitrimers and carbon fibre reinforced composites using two additive and a reactive flame retardant containing phosphorus: ammonium polyphosphate (APP), resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP); and N,N',N’’-tris(2-aminoethyl)-phosphoric acid triamide (TEDAP). We characterised the vitrimer matrix materials by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 test and mass loss calorimetry (MLC), while the vitrimer composites by LOI, UL-94 test, MLC and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). We compared the performance of the vitrimer systems to a benchmark pentaerythritol-based aliphatic epoxy resin system (PER). The vitrimer reference had higher thermal stability but lower fire performance than the PER aliphatic reference epoxy. At lower phosphorus content, the vitrimer systems exhibited a melting above their vitrimer transition temperature, which negatively affected their LOI and UL-94 results. From 2% phosphorus content, rapid charring and extinguishing of vitrimers prevented the softening and deforming. The superior performance of these same flame retardants in vitrimer systems could be attributed to the high nitrogen content of imine-based vitrimers in combination with phosphorus flame retardants, exploiting nitrogen-phosphorus synergism. In both matrices, flame retardants with solid phase action lead to better fire performance, while in composites, the lowest peak heat release rates (152 kW/m2 in vitrimer composite) were achieved with RDP acting predominantly in the gas phase, as carbon fibres hindered the intumescent phenomenon. © 2024 2024 true true true false true false GOLD 2026-05-23 true https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2024.01.047 19 0 19 17 2 19 19 19 5 19 19 17 17 17 2 0 19 17 19 17 0 11 11 Folyóiratcikk Journal Article 24 19 Könyvrészlet Chapter in Book 25 0 Könyv Book 23 0 Egyéb konferenciaközlemény Conference paper 31 0 Egyéb konferenciakötet Conference proceedings 32 0 Oltalmi formák Protection forms 26 0 Disszertáció Thesis 28 0 Egyéb Miscellaneous 29 0 Alkotás Achievement 22 0 Kutatási adat Research data 33 0 Folyóiratcikk Journal Article 24 0 0 0 Könyvrészlet Chapter in Book 25 0 0 0 Könyv Book 23 0 0 0 Egyéb konferenciaközlemény Conference paper 31 0 0 0 Egyéb konferenciakötet Conference proceedings 32 0 0 0 Oltalmi formák Protection forms 26 0 0 0 Disszertáció Thesis 28 0 0 0 Egyéb Miscellaneous 29 0 0 0 Alkotás Achievement 22 0 0 0 Kutatási adat Research data 33 0 0 0 2024 0 2 1 2 1 2025 0 11 10 11 10 2026 0 6 6 6 6 D1 false 10071290,10001106 false false false 2024-07-25T07:40:07.801+0000 Gyártástudomány és -technológia Tanszék (BME / GPK); HUN-REN-BME Kompozittechnológiai Kutatócsoport (BME / GPK / PT); MTA-BME Lendület Fenntartható Polimerek Kutatóc... (BME / GPK / PT); Polimertechnika Tanszék (BME / GPK); Szerves Kémia és Technológia Tanszék (BME / VBK) 6 12 5 6 0 true 10014568 Language 10002 /api/language/10002 English Angol English true 2 true PersonAuthorship 116403842 /api/authorship/116403842 Toldy, Andrea ✉ [Toldy, Andrea (Polimer mátrixú k...), author] Department of Polymer Engineering (BUTE / FME); MTA-BME Lendület Sustainable Polymers Research ... (BUTE / FME / DPE) 1 0.167 true false true Author 10001106 /api/author/10001106 Andrea Toldy (Polimer mátrixú kompozitok, égésgátlás) Toldy Andrea true 10001106 true Toldy Andrea true false false AuthorshipType 1 /api/authorshiptype/1 Author 0 true 0 true false true PersonAuthorship 116403843 /api/authorship/116403843 Poór, Dániel István [Poór, Dániel István (Gyártástechnológia), author] Department of Manufacturing Science and Enginee... (BUTE / FME); MTA-BME Lendület Sustainable Polymers Research ... (BUTE / FME / DPE) 2 0.167 false false false Author 10071290 /api/author/10071290 Dániel István Poór (Gyártástechnológia) Poór Dániel István true true Poór Dániel István true false false AuthorshipType 1 /api/authorshiptype/1 Author 0 true 0 true false true PersonAuthorship 116403844 /api/authorship/116403844 Szolnoki, Beáta [Szolnoki, Beáta (szerves kémia, po...), author] Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology (BUTE / FCTB) 3 0.167 false false false Author 10042594 /api/author/10042594 Beáta Szolnoki (szerves kémia, polimerek égésgátlása) Szolnoki Beáta true 10042594 true Szolnoki Beáta true false false AuthorshipType 1 /api/authorshiptype/1 Author 0 true 0 true false true PersonAuthorship 116403845 /api/authorship/116403845 Devecser, Boglárka [Devecser, Boglárka (polimer kompozitok), author] Department of Polymer Engineering (BUTE / FME) 4 0.167 false false false Author 10092919 /api/author/10092919 Boglárka Devecser (polimer kompozitok) Devecser Boglárka true true Devecser Boglárka true false false AuthorshipType 1 /api/authorshiptype/1 Author 0 true 0 true false true PersonAuthorship 116403846 /api/authorship/116403846 Geier, Norbert [Geier, Norbert (Gyártástechnológia), author] Department of Manufacturing Science and Enginee... (BUTE / FME) 5 0.167 false false false Author 10056359 /api/author/10056359 Norbert Geier (Gyártástechnológia) Geier Norbert true 10056359 true Geier Norbert true false false AuthorshipType 1 /api/authorshiptype/1 Author 0 true 0 true false true PersonAuthorship 116403847 /api/authorship/116403847 Pomázi, Ákos [Pomázi, Ákos (polimertechnika, ...), author] Department of Polymer Engineering (BUTE / FME); MTA-BME Lendület Sustainable Polymers Research ... (BUTE / FME / DPE); HUN-REN-BMEKTKCS (BUTE / FME / DPE) 6 0.167 false true false Author 10060579 /api/author/10060579 Ákos Pomázi (polimertechnika, műanyag- és száltechnológia) Pomázi Ákos true 10060579 true Pomázi Ákos true false false AuthorshipType 1 /api/authorshiptype/1 Author 0 true 0 true false true PublicationIdentifier 26092765 /api/publicationidentifier/26092765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2024.01.047 PlainSource 6 /api/publicationsource/6 DOI PublicationSourceType 10001 /api/publicationsourcetype/10001 DOI true true true DOI DOI https://doi.org/@@@ true true 6 true GOLD true IDENTICAL 10.1016/j.jmst.2024.01.047 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2024.01.047 false true PublicationIdentifier 26286999 /api/publicationidentifier/26286999 REAL: 196143 SwordSource 36 /api/publicationsource/36 REAL PublicationSourceType 10007 /api/publicationsourcetype/10007 Repozitórium true true true REAL REAL http://real.mtak.hu/@@@ true true 36 true GREEN true 196143 http://real.mtak.hu/196143 true true PublicationIdentifier 26321670 /api/publicationidentifier/26321670 WoS: 001233376000001 PlainSource 1 /api/publicationsource/1 WoS PublicationSourceType 10003 /api/publicationsourcetype/10003 Indexelő adatbázis false true true WoS WoS https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/full-record/@@@ true true 1 true IDENTICAL 001233376000001 https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/full-record/001233376000001 false true PublicationIdentifier 26092764 /api/publicationidentifier/26092764 Scopus: 85190728167 PlainSource 3 /api/publicationsource/3 Scopus PublicationSourceType 10003 /api/publicationsourcetype/10003 Indexelő adatbázis false true true Scopus Scopus http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?origin=inward&eid=2-s2.0-@@@ true true 3 true IDENTICAL 85190728167 http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?origin=inward&eid=2-s2.0-85190728167 false true PublicationIdentifier 26249722 /api/publicationidentifier/26249722 Other URL: https://phd.gpk.bme.hu/pub/s/j/l9/t3?3002276 PlainSource 40 /api/publicationsource/40 Other URL PublicationSourceType 10006 /api/publicationsourcetype/10006 Link true true true Egyéb URL Other URL @@@ true true 40 true https://phd.gpk.bme.hu/pub/s/j/l9/t3?3002276 https://phd.gpk.bme.hu/pub/s/j/l9/t3?3002276 true true Keyword 2387 /api/keyword/2387 PERFORMANCE true 2387 true Keyword 4284 /api/keyword/4284 Nitrogen true 4284 true Keyword 4353 /api/keyword/4353 differential scanning calorimetry true 4353 true Keyword 17197 /api/keyword/17197 ADDITIVES true 17197 true Keyword 17219 /api/keyword/17219 flame retardancy true 17219 true Keyword 19161 /api/keyword/19161 carbon fibers true 19161 true Keyword 1012972 /api/keyword/1012972 Thermoanalysis true 1012972 true Keyword 1019592 /api/keyword/1019592 calorimeters true 1019592 true Keyword 1023852 /api/keyword/1023852 Epoxy Resins true 1023852 true Keyword 1050227 /api/keyword/1050227 EPOXY true 1050227 true Keyword 1050227 /api/keyword/1050227 EPOXY true 1050227 true Keyword 1123441 /api/keyword/1123441 Benchmarking true 1123441 true Keyword 1124350 /api/keyword/1124350 Mass loss true 1124350 true Keyword 1156470 /api/keyword/1156470 fiber reinforced plastics true 1156470 true Keyword 1222405 /api/keyword/1222405 Flame retardants true 1222405 true Keyword 1274768 /api/keyword/1274768 Polymer composite true 1274768 true Keyword 1274768 /api/keyword/1274768 Polymer composite true 1274768 true Keyword 1275764 /api/keyword/1275764 Carbon fibre true 1275764 true Keyword 1320378 /api/keyword/1320378 fire performance true 1320378 true Keyword 1561562 /api/keyword/1561562 Limiting Oxygen Index true true Keyword 1703846 /api/keyword/1703846 Flame-retardancy true true Keyword 2154601 /api/keyword/2154601 Reactive flame retardants true true Keyword 2190842 /api/keyword/2190842 vitrimer true true Keyword 2190842 /api/keyword/2190842 vitrimer true true Keyword 2346830 /api/keyword/2346830 Polyimines true true Keyword 3034740 /api/keyword/3034740 polyimine true true SjrRating 11447248 /api/sjrrating/11447248 sjr:D1 (2024) Scopus - Ceramics and Composites JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 1005-0302 1941-1162 8 0.1 journal RatingType 10002 /api/ratingtype/10002 sjr sjr true true ClassificationExternal 2503 /api/classificationexternal/2503 Scopus - Ceramics and Composites true 2503 true D1 DIRECT true true Reference 52294919 /api/reference/52294919 1. 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(2024) JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 1005-0302 1941-1162 196 101-111<div class="JournalArticle Publication long-list"> <div class="authors"> <img title="Forrásközlemény" style="float: left" src="/frontend/resources/grid/publication-core-icon.png"> <img title="Idézőközlemény" style="float: left" src="/frontend/resources/grid/publication-citation-icon.png"> <div class="autype autype0"> <span class="author-name" mtid="10001106"><a href="/gui2/?type=authors&mode=browse&sel=10001106" target="_blank">Toldy Andrea ✉ (<span class="authorship-author-name">Toldy Andrea</span> <span class="authorAux-mtmt"> Polimer mátrixú kompozitok, égésgátlás</span>) </a> </span> <span class="author-affil"><span title="Budapest University of Technology and Economics">BUTE</span>/<span title="Faculty of Mechanical Engineering">FME</span>/Department of Polymer Engineering; <span title="Budapest University of Technology and Economics">BUTE</span>/<span title="Faculty of Mechanical Engineering">FME</span>/<span title="Department of Polymer Engineering">DPE</span>/MTA-BME Lendület Sustainable Polymers Research Group</span> ;    <span class="author-name" mtid="10071290"><a href="/gui2/?type=authors&mode=browse&sel=10071290" target="_blank">Poór Dániel István (<span class="authorship-author-name">Poór Dániel István</span> <span class="authorAux-mtmt"> Gyártástechnológia</span>) </a> </span> <span class="author-affil"><span title="Budapest University of Technology and Economics">BUTE</span>/<span title="Faculty of Mechanical Engineering">FME</span>/Department of Manufacturing Science and Engineering; <span title="Budapest University of Technology and Economics">BUTE</span>/<span title="Faculty of Mechanical Engineering">FME</span>/<span title="Department of Polymer Engineering">DPE</span>/MTA-BME Lendület Sustainable Polymers Research Group</span> ;    <span class="author-name" mtid="10042594"><a href="/gui2/?type=authors&mode=browse&sel=10042594" target="_blank">Szolnoki Beáta (<span class="authorship-author-name">Szolnoki Beáta</span> <span class="authorAux-mtmt"> szerves kémia, polimerek égésgátlása</span>) </a> </span> <span class="author-affil"><span title="Budapest University of Technology and Economics">BUTE</span>/<span title="Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology">FCTB</span>/Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology</span> ;    <span class="author-name" mtid="10092919"><a href="/gui2/?type=authors&mode=browse&sel=10092919" target="_blank">Devecser Boglárka (<span class="authorship-author-name">Devecser Boglárka</span> <span class="authorAux-mtmt"> polimer kompozitok</span>) </a> </span> <span class="author-affil"><span title="Budapest University of Technology and Economics">BUTE</span>/<span title="Faculty of Mechanical Engineering">FME</span>/Department of Polymer Engineering</span> ;    <span class="author-name" mtid="10056359"><a href="/gui2/?type=authors&mode=browse&sel=10056359" target="_blank">Geier Norbert (<span class="authorship-author-name">Geier Norbert</span> <span class="authorAux-mtmt"> Gyártástechnológia</span>) </a> </span> <span class="author-affil"><span title="Budapest University of Technology and Economics">BUTE</span>/<span title="Faculty of Mechanical Engineering">FME</span>/Department of Manufacturing Science and Engineering</span> ;    <span class="author-name" mtid="10060579"><a href="/gui2/?type=authors&mode=browse&sel=10060579" target="_blank">Pomázi Ákos (<span class="authorship-author-name">Pomázi Ákos</span> <span class="authorAux-mtmt"> polimertechnika, műanyag- és száltechnológia</span>) </a> </span> <span class="author-affil"><span title="Budapest University of Technology and Economics">BUTE</span>/<span title="Faculty of Mechanical Engineering">FME</span>/Department of Polymer Engineering; <span title="Budapest University of Technology and Economics">BUTE</span>/<span title="Faculty of Mechanical Engineering">FME</span>/<span title="Department of Polymer Engineering">DPE</span>/MTA-BME Lendület Sustainable Polymers Research Group; <span title="Budapest University of Technology and Economics">BUTE</span>/<span title="Faculty of Mechanical Engineering">FME</span>/<span title="Department of Polymer Engineering">DPE</span>/HUN-REN-BMEKTKCS</span> </div> </div> <div class="title"><a href="/gui2/?mode=browse&params=publication;34822025" target="_blank">Comparative study of flame retardancy in polyimine vitrimers and composites: Evaluating additive and reactive flame retardants acting via gas-, solid-, and combined-phase mechanisms</a></div> <div> <span class="journal-title">JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY</span> <span class="journal-issn">(<a target="_blank" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/1005-0302">1005-0302</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/1941-1162">1941-1162</a>)</span>: <span class="journal-volume">196</span> <span class="page"> pp 101-111 </span> <span class="year">(2024)</span> </div> <div class="pub-footer"> <span class="language" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/html">Language: English | </span> <span class="identifiers"> <span class="id identifier oa_GOLD" title=" Gold "> <a style="color:blue" title="10.1016/j.jmst.2024.01.047" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2024.01.047"> DOI </a> </span> <span class="id identifier oa_GREEN" title=" Green "> <a style="color:black" title="196143" target="_blank" href="http://real.mtak.hu/196143"> REAL </a> </span> <span class="id identifier oa_none" title="none"> <a style="color:blue" title="001233376000001" target="_blank" href="https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/full-record/001233376000001"> WoS </a> </span> <span class="id identifier oa_none" title="none"> <a style="color:blue" title="85190728167" target="_blank" href="http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?origin=inward&eid=2-s2.0-85190728167"> Scopus </a> </span> <span class="id identifier oa_none" title="none"> <a style="color:black" title="https://phd.gpk.bme.hu/pub/s/j/l9/t3?3002276" target="_blank" href="https://phd.gpk.bme.hu/pub/s/j/l9/t3?3002276"> Other URL </a> </span> </span> <OnlyViewableByAuthor><div class="ratings"> <div class="journal-subject">Journal subject: Scopus - Ceramics and Composites   Rank: D1</div> <div class="journal-subject">Journal subject: Scopus - Materials Chemistry   Rank: D1</div> <div class="journal-subject">Journal subject: Scopus - Mechanical Engineering   Rank: D1</div> <div class="journal-subject">Journal subject: Scopus - Mechanics of Materials   Rank: D1</div> <div class="journal-subject">Journal subject: Scopus - Metals and Alloys   Rank: D1</div> <div class="journal-subject">Journal subject: Scopus - Polymers and Plastics   Rank: D1</div> </div></OnlyViewableByAuthor> <div class="publication-citation" style="margin-left: 0.5cm;"> <span title="" class="citingPub-count">Citing papers: 19</span> | Independent citation: 17 | Self citation: 2 | Unknown citation: 0 | Number of citations in WoS: 19 | Number of citations in Scopus: 5 | WoS/Scopus assigned: 19 | Number of citations with DOI: 19 </div> <div class="publication-citation"> <a target="_blank" href="/api/publication?cond=citations.related;eq;34822025&sort=publishedYear,desc&sort=title"> Number of cited publications: 11 </a> </div> <div class="mtid"><span class="long-pub-mtid">Publication: 34822025</span> | <span class="status-data status-VALIDATED"> Validated </span> Core Citing | <span class="type-subtype">Journal Article ( Article ) </span> | <span class="pub-category">Scientific</span> | <span class="publication-sourceOfData">Scopus</span> </div> <div class="notDuplums"><a target="_blank" href="/api/publication/34822025/notduplums">350 marked as not duplum</a> </div> <div class="lastModified">Last Modified: 2024.06.04. 15:55 Admin Szuper (admin) </div> <div class="lockedBy">Centrally managed 2025.06.04. 16:23 Andrea Vándor (VA, admin) </div> <pre class="comment" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;"><u>Comments</u>: Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Hungary MTA-BME Lendület Sustainable Polymers Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Depar...</pre> </div></div>