Metabolic Syndrome and Biotherapeutic Activity of Dairy (Cow and Buffalo) Milk Proteins
and Peptides: Fast Food-Induced Obesity Perspective—A Narrative Review
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is defined by the outcome of interconnected metabolic factors
that directly increase the prevalence of obesity and other metabolic diseases. Currently,
obesity is considered one of the most relevant topics of discussion because an epidemic
heave of the incidence of obesity in both developing and underdeveloped countries
has been reached. According to the World Obesity Atlas 2023 report, 38% of the world
population are presently either obese or overweight. One of the causes of obesity
is an imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure, where nutritional imbalance
due to consumption of high-calorie fast foods play a pivotal role. The dynamic interactions
among different risk factors of obesity are highly complex; however, the underpinnings
of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia for obesity incidence are recognized. Fast foods,
primarily composed of soluble carbohydrates, non-nutritive artificial sweeteners,
saturated fats, and complexes of macronutrients (protein-carbohydrate, starch-lipid,
starch-lipid-protein) provide high metabolic calories. Several experimental studies
have pointed out that dairy proteins and peptides may modulate the activities of risk
factors of obesity. To justify the results precisely, peptides from dairy milk proteins
were synthesized under in vitro conditions and their contributions to biomarkers of
obesity were assessed. Comprehensive information about the impact of proteins and
peptides from dairy milks on fast food-induced obesity is presented in this narrative
review article.