Plastics have revolutionised human industries, thanks to their versatility and durability.
However, their extensive use, coupled with inadequate waste disposal, has resulted
in plastic becoming ubiquitous in every environmental compartment, posing potential
risks to the economy, human health and the environment. Additionally, under natural
conditions, plastic waste breaks down into microplastics (MPs<5 mm). The increasing
quantity of MPs exerts a significant burden on the soil environment, particularly
in agroecosystems, presenting a new stressor for soil-dwelling organisms. In this
review, we delve into the effects of MP pollution on soil ecosystems, with a specific
attention to (a) MP transport to soils, (b) potential changes of MPs under environmental
conditions, (c) and their interaction with the physical, chemical and biological components
of the soil. We aim to shed light on the alterations in the distribution, activity,
physiology and growth of soil flora, fauna and microorganisms in response to MPs,
offering an ecotoxicological perspective for environmental risk assessment of plastics.
The effects of MPs are strongly influenced by their intrinsic traits, including polymer
type, shape, size and abundance. By exploring the multifaceted interactions between
MPs and the soil environment, we provide critical insights into the consequences of
plastic contamination. Despite the growing body of research, there remain substantial
knowledge gaps regarding the long-term impact of MPs on the soil. Our work underscores
the importance of continued research efforts and the adoption of standardised approaches
to address plastic pollution and ensure a sustainable future for our planet.
