Mapping of European activities on the integration of sex and gender factors in neurology and neuroscience.

Neurological disorders pose a profound unmet medical need for which new solutions are urgently needed. The consideration of both biological (sex) and socio-cultural (gender) differences between men and women is necessary to identify more efficacious, safer and tailored treatments. Approaches for putting sex and gender medicine into practice have gathered momentum across Europe, but it is currently unclear to what extent they have been implemented in the field of neurology and neuroscience.We mapped current activities in research, funding and education aimed at integrating sex and gender consideration in neuroscience and neurology in Europe. We examined and analyzed data gathered from (1) literature searches, (2) policy documents and reports by the European Commission and national funding agencies, (3) web-based searches, (4) "Web of Science", and (5) searches of project databases of funding agencies. An informative / non-systematic search was performed for sections on policies and funding, education, basic research, while a systematic literature and database review was conducted forquantitative analysis of research output and funded projects in terms of sex and gender analysis.Our mapping shows that there is a growing interest and attention towards sex and gender consideration in neurological fields, both from funding agencies and researchers. However, most activities, especially for education, are limited to the individual motivation of researchers and are not organically built within curricula and strategic research priorities.We recommend actions that might help increase the consideration of sex and gender specifically in the field of neuroscience and neurology.