The conversion of aflatoxin B1 in feed consumed by cows into aflatoxin M1 in their
milk poses a challenge to food safety, with milk being a popular staple food and because
of the harmful effects of these compounds. This study aimed at reviewing scientific
information about the extent of carry-over of AFB1 from feed to milk. A range of studies
reported about correlations of carry-over with different factors, particularly with
milk yield and AFB1 intake. The extent of carry-over considerably varies, being 1–2%
on average, which may be as high as 6% in the case of increased milk production. Specific
factors influencing transfer rates, including milk yield, somatic cell counts, aflatoxin
B1 intake, source of contamination, seasonal effects, particle size of feed, and the
effects of certain interventions, namely vaccination and the use of adsorbents, are
identified as the most important and are discussed in this review. The different mathematical
formulas describing carry-over and instances of their application are reviewed as
well. These carry-over equations may lead to largely different results, and no single
carry-over equation can be suggested as the best one. While the exact quantification
of carry-over is difficult as the process depends on many factors, including individual
variabilities between animals, the intake of aflatoxin B1 and milk yield seem to be
the most important factors influencing the excreted amount of aflatoxin M1 and the
rate of carry-over.
