Based on current findings, the presence of oxidative stress has a significant impact
on the quality of gametes and embryos when performing assisted reproductive techniques
(ART). Unfortunately, in vitro manipulation of these cells exposes them to a higher
level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The primary goal of this review is to provide
a comprehensive overview of the development of oxidative stress in female and male
reproductive systems, as well as in the case of the pre-implantation embryo and its
environment. This review also focuses on the origins of ROS and the mechanisms of
oxidative stress-induced damage during ART procedures. A well-known but underestimated
hazard, light exposure-related photo-oxidation, is particularly concerning. The effect
of oxidative stress on ART outcomes, as well as the various strategies for preventing
it, are also discussed. We emphasize the role and significance of antioxidants and
light protection including forms, functions, and mechanisms in the development of
gametes and embryos in vivo and in vitro.
