{ "labelLang" : "hun", "responseDate" : "2024-03-29 07:04", "content" : { "otype" : "JournalArticle", "mtid" : 31294981, "status" : "APPROVED", "published" : true, "comment" : "Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt \n Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt \n Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Uttar PradeshPandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India \n Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh), India \n Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh), India \n Aquatic Animal Health & Diseases Department, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization(AREEO), Tehran, Iran \n Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases Department, Caspian Sea Ecology Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran \n Cited By :44 \n Export Date: 29 April 2020 \n CODEN: JEORE \n Correspondence Address: Alagawany, M.; Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig UniversityEgypt; email: mmalagwany@zu.edu.eg", "unhandledTickets" : 0, "deleted" : false, "lastRefresh" : "2021-12-15T15:20:23.338+0000", "lastModified" : "2021-12-15T15:19:12.538+0000", "created" : "2020-04-29T12:51:48.918+0000", "creator" : { "otype" : "Admin", "mtid" : 10056781, "link" : "/api/admin/10056781", "label" : "Bikádi Katalin (Állatorvostud. Egy. 4, admin)", "familyName" : "Bikádi", "givenName" : "Katalin", "published" : true, "oldId" : 10056781, "snippet" : true }, "lastDuplumOK" : "2021-12-15T15:19:15.206+0000", "lastDuplumSearch" : "2021-12-15T15:19:15.206+0000", "adminApproved" : "2020-04-29T13:02:07.300+0000", "adminApprover" : { "otype" : "Admin", "mtid" : 10056781, "link" : "/api/admin/10056781", "label" : "Bikádi Katalin (Állatorvostud. Egy. 4, admin)", "familyName" : "Bikádi", "givenName" : "Katalin", "published" : true, "oldId" : 10056781, "snippet" : true }, "core" : false, "citation" : true, "publicationPending" : false, "type" : { "otype" : "PublicationType", "mtid" : 24, "link" : "/api/publicationtype/24", "label" : "Folyóiratcikk", "code" : 24, "otypeName" : "JournalArticle", "listPosition" : 1, "published" : true, "oldId" : 24, "snippet" : true }, "subType" : { "otype" : "SubType", "mtid" : 1134514, "link" : "/api/subtype/1134514", "label" : "Összefoglaló cikk (Folyóiratcikk)", "name" : "Összefoglaló cikk", "nameEng" : "Survey paper", "docType" : { "otype" : "PublicationType", "mtid" : 24, "link" : "/api/publicationtype/24", "label" : "Folyóiratcikk", "code" : 24, "otypeName" : "JournalArticle", "listPosition" : 1, "published" : true, "oldId" : 24, "snippet" : true }, "listPosition" : 102, "published" : true, "oldId" : 1134514, "snippet" : true }, "category" : { "otype" : "Category", "mtid" : 1, "link" : "/api/category/1", "label" : "Tudományos", "published" : true, "oldId" : 1, "snippet" : true }, "languages" : [ { "otype" : "Language", "mtid" : 10002, "link" : "/api/language/10002", "label" : "Angol", "name" : "Angol", "nameEng" : "English", "published" : true, "oldId" : 2, "snippet" : true } ], "firstAuthor" : "Ezzat, Abd El-Hack M.", "authorships" : [ { "otype" : "PersonAuthorship", "mtid" : 91522367, "link" : "/api/authorship/91522367", "label" : "Ezzat, Abd El-Hack M.", "listPosition" : 1, "share" : 0.0, "first" : true, "last" : false, "corresponding" : false, "familyName" : "Ezzat", "givenName" : "Abd El-Hack M.", "authorTyped" : true, "editorTyped" : false, "otherTyped" : false, "type" : { "otype" : "AuthorshipType", "mtid" : 1, "link" : "/api/authorshiptype/1", "label" : "Szerző", "code" : 0, "published" : true, "oldId" : 0, "snippet" : true }, "published" : false, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "PersonAuthorship", "mtid" : 91522368, "link" : "/api/authorship/91522368", "label" : "Alagawany, M. ✉", "listPosition" : 2, "share" : 0.0, "first" : false, "last" : false, "corresponding" : true, "familyName" : "Alagawany", "givenName" : "M.", "authorTyped" : true, "editorTyped" : false, "otherTyped" : false, "type" : { "otype" : "AuthorshipType", "mtid" : 1, "link" : "/api/authorshiptype/1", "label" : "Szerző", "code" : 0, "published" : true, "oldId" : 0, "snippet" : true }, "published" : false, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "PersonAuthorship", "mtid" : 91522369, "link" : "/api/authorship/91522369", "label" : "Ragab, Farag M.", "listPosition" : 3, "share" : 0.0, "first" : false, "last" : false, "corresponding" : false, "familyName" : "Ragab", "givenName" : "Farag M.", "authorTyped" : true, "editorTyped" : false, "otherTyped" : false, "type" : { "otype" : "AuthorshipType", "mtid" : 1, "link" : "/api/authorshiptype/1", "label" : "Szerző", "code" : 0, "published" : true, "oldId" : 0, "snippet" : true }, "published" : false, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "PersonAuthorship", "mtid" : 91522370, "link" : "/api/authorship/91522370", "label" : "Tiwari, R.", "listPosition" : 4, "share" : 0.0, "first" : false, "last" : false, "corresponding" : false, "familyName" : "Tiwari", "givenName" : "R.", "authorTyped" : true, "editorTyped" : false, "otherTyped" : false, "type" : { "otype" : "AuthorshipType", "mtid" : 1, "link" : "/api/authorshiptype/1", "label" : "Szerző", "code" : 0, "published" : true, "oldId" : 0, "snippet" : true }, "published" : false, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "PersonAuthorship", "mtid" : 91522371, "link" : "/api/authorship/91522371", "label" : "Karthik, K.", "listPosition" : 5, "share" : 0.0, "first" : false, "last" : false, "corresponding" : false, "familyName" : "Karthik", "givenName" : "K.", "authorTyped" : true, "editorTyped" : false, "otherTyped" : false, "type" : { "otype" : "AuthorshipType", "mtid" : 1, "link" : "/api/authorshiptype/1", "label" : "Szerző", "code" : 0, "published" : true, "oldId" : 0, "snippet" : true }, "published" : false, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "PersonAuthorship", "mtid" : 91522372, "link" : "/api/authorship/91522372", "label" : "Dhama, K.", "listPosition" : 6, "share" : 0.0, "first" : false, "last" : false, "corresponding" : false, "familyName" : "Dhama", "givenName" : "K.", "authorTyped" : true, "editorTyped" : false, "otherTyped" : false, "type" : { "otype" : "AuthorshipType", "mtid" : 1, "link" : "/api/authorshiptype/1", "label" : "Szerző", "code" : 0, "published" : true, "oldId" : 0, "snippet" : true }, "published" : false, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "PersonAuthorship", "mtid" : 91522373, "link" : "/api/authorship/91522373", "label" : "Zorriehzahra, J.", "listPosition" : 7, "share" : 0.0, "first" : false, "last" : false, "corresponding" : false, "familyName" : "Zorriehzahra", "givenName" : "J.", "authorTyped" : true, "editorTyped" : false, "otherTyped" : false, "type" : { "otype" : "AuthorshipType", "mtid" : 1, "link" : "/api/authorshiptype/1", "label" : "Szerző", "code" : 0, "published" : true, "oldId" : 0, "snippet" : true }, "published" : false, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "PersonAuthorship", "mtid" : 91522374, "link" : "/api/authorship/91522374", "label" : "Adel, M.", "listPosition" : 8, "share" : 0.0, "first" : false, "last" : true, "corresponding" : false, "familyName" : "Adel", "givenName" : "M.", "authorTyped" : true, "editorTyped" : false, "otherTyped" : false, "type" : { "otype" : "AuthorshipType", "mtid" : 1, "link" : "/api/authorshiptype/1", "label" : "Szerző", "code" : 0, "published" : true, "oldId" : 0, "snippet" : true }, "published" : false, "snippet" : true } ], "title" : "Beneficial impacts of thymol essential oil on health and production of animals, fish and poultry: a review", "identifiers" : [ { "otype" : "PublicationIdentifier", "mtid" : 16871320, "link" : "/api/publicationidentifier/16871320", "label" : "DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2016.1153002", "source" : { "otype" : "PlainSource", "mtid" : 6, "link" : "/api/publicationsource/6", "label" : "DOI", "type" : { "otype" : "PublicationSourceType", "mtid" : 10001, "link" : "/api/publicationsourcetype/10001", "label" : "DOI", "mayHaveOa" : true, "published" : true, "snippet" : true }, "name" : "DOI", "nameEng" : "DOI", "linkPattern" : "https://doi.org/@@@", "publiclyVisible" : true, "published" : true, "oldId" : 6, "snippet" : true }, "idValue" : "10.1080/10412905.2016.1153002", "realUrl" : "https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10412905.2016.1153002", "published" : false, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "PublicationIdentifier", "mtid" : 16871321, "link" : "/api/publicationidentifier/16871321", "label" : "WoS: 000380795800001", "source" : { "otype" : "PlainSource", "mtid" : 1, "link" : "/api/publicationsource/1", "label" : "WoS", "type" : { "otype" : "PublicationSourceType", "mtid" : 10003, "link" : "/api/publicationsourcetype/10003", "label" : "Indexelő adatbázis", "mayHaveOa" : false, "published" : true, "snippet" : true }, "name" : "WoS", "nameEng" : "WoS", "linkPattern" : "http://gateway.isiknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?&GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=CustomerName&SrcApp=CustomerName&DestLinkType=FullRecord&KeyUT=@@@&DestApp=WOS", "publiclyVisible" : true, "published" : true, "oldId" : 1, "snippet" : true }, "idValue" : "000380795800001", "realUrl" : "http://gateway.isiknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?&GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=CustomerName&SrcApp=CustomerName&DestLinkType=FullRecord&KeyUT=000380795800001&DestApp=WOS", "published" : false, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "PublicationIdentifier", "mtid" : 16871319, "link" : "/api/publicationidentifier/16871319", "label" : "Scopus: 84959191702", "source" : { "otype" : "PlainSource", "mtid" : 3, "link" : "/api/publicationsource/3", "label" : "Scopus", "type" : { "otype" : "PublicationSourceType", "mtid" : 10003, "link" : "/api/publicationsourcetype/10003", "label" : "Indexelő adatbázis", "mayHaveOa" : false, "published" : true, "snippet" : true }, "name" : "Scopus", "linkPattern" : "http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?origin=inward&eid=2-s2.0-@@@", "publiclyVisible" : true, "published" : true, "oldId" : 3, "snippet" : true }, "idValue" : "84959191702", "realUrl" : "http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?origin=inward&eid=2-s2.0-84959191702", "published" : false, "snippet" : true } ], "journal" : { "otype" : "Journal", "mtid" : 10000853, "link" : "/api/journal/10000853", "label" : "JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 1041-2905 2163-8152", "pIssn" : "1041-2905", "eIssn" : "2163-8152", "reviewType" : "REVIEWED", "noIF" : false, "sciIndexed" : true, "scopusIndexed" : true, "lang" : "FOREIGN", "hungarian" : false, "published" : true, "oldId" : 10000853, "snippet" : true }, "volume" : "28", "issue" : "5", "firstPage" : "365", "lastPage" : "382", "firstPageOrInternalIdForSort" : "365", "pageLength" : 18, "publishedYear" : 2016, "abstractText" : "Abstract: The thymol is an herbal food additive used to improve performance indices, feed utilization, immune system, and preventing from infectious diseases. Feeding animal, fish and poultry with diets supplemented with medicinal plants containing effective compounds and natural antioxidants in thymol demonstrated valuable potential of thymol to enhance the productive and reproductive performances, nutrient bioavailability, immunity and general health of livestock as well as lowering the problems of different animal diseases, side effects of chemical drugs, syntactic materials and cancer. These properties may be attributed to thymol’s capability to work as antispasmodic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, anticancer and anti-inflammatory agent by suppressing harmful compounds/free radicals from interacting with cellular biological compounds, ability to alter the gut microbiota, and increasing digestion, absorption and metabolism of nutrients. This review illustrates the multiple beneficial applications and various aspects of thymol including its chemical structure and physical proprieties, metabolism and excretion, mechanisms of action, natural sources and practical applications in animal, fish and poultry nutrition for increasing production, immunity and safeguarding health. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.", "keywords" : [ { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 12, "link" : "/api/keyword/12", "label" : "Animals", "published" : true, "oldId" : 12, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 334, "link" : "/api/keyword/334", "label" : "Metabolism", "published" : true, "oldId" : 334, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 2125, "link" : "/api/keyword/2125", "label" : "ANTIOXIDANTS", "published" : true, "oldId" : 2125, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 2387, "link" : "/api/keyword/2387", "label" : "PERFORMANCE", "published" : true, "oldId" : 2387, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 2387, "link" : "/api/keyword/2387", "label" : "PERFORMANCE", "published" : true, "oldId" : 2387, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 3128, "link" : "/api/keyword/3128", "label" : "animal", "published" : true, "oldId" : 3128, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 3248, "link" : "/api/keyword/3248", "label" : "PHENOLS", "published" : true, "oldId" : 3248, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 4055, "link" : "/api/keyword/4055", "label" : "Drug Interactions", "published" : true, "oldId" : 4055, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 4209, "link" : "/api/keyword/4209", "label" : "Anti-Inflammatory Agents", "published" : true, "oldId" : 4209, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 4416, "link" : "/api/keyword/4416", "label" : "physiology", "published" : true, "oldId" : 4416, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 4464, "link" : "/api/keyword/4464", "label" : "Applications", "published" : true, "oldId" : 4464, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 5311, "link" : "/api/keyword/5311", "label" : "Immunity", "published" : true, "oldId" : 5311, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 5311, "link" : "/api/keyword/5311", "label" : "Immunity", "published" : true, "oldId" : 5311, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 5559, "link" : "/api/keyword/5559", "label" : "fish", "published" : true, "oldId" : 5559, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 5559, "link" : "/api/keyword/5559", "label" : "fish", "published" : true, "oldId" : 5559, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 8303, "link" : "/api/keyword/8303", "label" : "DISEASES", "published" : true, "oldId" : 8303, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 11283, "link" : "/api/keyword/11283", "label" : "Health", "published" : true, "oldId" : 11283, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 11283, "link" : "/api/keyword/11283", "label" : "Health", "published" : true, "oldId" : 11283, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 11704, "link" : "/api/keyword/11704", "label" : "NUTRITION", "published" : true, "oldId" : 11704, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 11942, "link" : "/api/keyword/11942", "label" : "NUTRIENTS", "published" : true, "oldId" : 11942, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 12794, "link" : "/api/keyword/12794", "label" : "POULTRY", "published" : true, "oldId" : 12794, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 13641, "link" : "/api/keyword/13641", "label" : "AGRICULTURE", "published" : true, "oldId" : 13641, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 1003724, "link" : "/api/keyword/1003724", "label" : "ESSENTIAL OILS", "published" : true, "oldId" : 1003724, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 1005199, "link" : "/api/keyword/1005199", "label" : "BIOCHEMISTRY", "published" : true, "oldId" : 1005199, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 1011586, "link" : "/api/keyword/1011586", "label" : "Natural antioxidants", "published" : true, "oldId" : 1011586, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 1011592, "link" : "/api/keyword/1011592", "label" : "Thymol", "published" : true, "oldId" : 1011592, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 1011592, "link" : "/api/keyword/1011592", "label" : "Thymol", "published" : true, "oldId" : 1011592, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 1047778, "link" : "/api/keyword/1047778", "label" : "Oils and fats", "published" : true, "oldId" : 1047778, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 1082140, "link" : "/api/keyword/1082140", "label" : "Chemical compounds", "published" : true, "oldId" : 1082140, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 1104768, "link" : "/api/keyword/1104768", "label" : "Medical applications", "published" : true, "oldId" : 1104768, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 1506316, "link" : "/api/keyword/1506316", "label" : "Antimicrobial agents", "published" : true, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 1563813, "link" : "/api/keyword/1563813", "label" : "Reproductive performance", "published" : true, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 2008849, "link" : "/api/keyword/2008849", "label" : "Biological compounds", "published" : true, "snippet" : true }, { "otype" : "Keyword", "mtid" : 2008850, "link" : "/api/keyword/2008850", "label" : "Increasing production", "published" : true, "snippet" : true } ], "digital" : null, "printed" : null, "sourceYear" : 2020, "foreignEdition" : true, "foreignLanguage" : true, "fullPublication" : true, "conferencePublication" : false, "nationalOrigin" : false, "missingAuthor" : false, "oaType" : "NONE", "oaCheckDate" : "2021-12-15", "oaFree" : false, "citationCount" : 0, "citationCountUnpublished" : 0, "citationCountWoOther" : 0, "independentCitCountWoOther" : 0, "doiCitationCount" : 0, "wosCitationCount" : 0, "scopusCitationCount" : 0, "independentCitationCount" : 0, "unhandledCitationCount" : 0, "citingPubCount" : 0, "independentCitingPubCount" : 0, "unhandledCitingPubCount" : 0, "citedPubCount" : 1, "citedCount" : 1, "ratings" : [ { "otype" : "SjrRating", "mtid" : 10920523, "link" : "/api/sjrrating/10920523", "label" : "sjr:Q2 (2016) Scopus - Chemistry (miscellaneous) JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 1041-2905 2163-8152", "listPos" : 177, "rankValue" : 0.49, "type" : "journal", "ratingType" : { "otype" : "RatingType", "mtid" : 10002, "link" : "/api/ratingtype/10002", "label" : "sjr", "code" : "sjr", "published" : true, "snippet" : true }, "subject" : { "otype" : "ClassificationExternal", "mtid" : 1601, "link" : "/api/classificationexternal/1601", "label" : "Scopus - Chemistry (miscellaneous)", "published" : true, "oldId" : 1601, "snippet" : true }, "ranking" : "Q2", "calculation" : "DIRECT", "published" : true, "snippet" : true } ], "ratingsForSort" : "Q2", "referenceList" : "Abd, M.E., El-Hack and M. Alagawany, Performance, egg quality, blood profile, immune function, and antioxidant enzyme activities in laying hens fed diets with thyme powder (2015) J. Anim. Feed Sci., 24, pp. 127-133 ;\n Abed Reema, M., Cytotoxic, cytogenetics and immunomodulatory effects of thymol from thymus vulgaris on cancer and normal cell lines in vitro and in vivo (2011) Al-Mustansiriyah J. Sci., 22 ;\n Aboelwafa, H.R., Yousef, H.N., The ameliorative effect of thymol against hydrocortisone-induced hepatic oxidative stress injury in adult male rats (2015) Biochem. Cell Biol., 26, pp. 1-8 ;\n Acamovic, T., Brooker, J.D., Biochemistry of plant secondary metabolites and their effects in animals (2005) Proc. Nutr. Soc., 64, pp. 403-412 ;\n Adam, K., Sivropoulou, A., Kokkini, S., Lanaras, T., Arsenakis, M., Antifungal activity of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, Mentha spicata, Lavandula angustifolia, and Salviafruticosa essential oils against human pathogenic fungi (1998) J. Agr. Food Chem., 46, pp. 1739-1745 ;\n Aghsaghali, A.M., Importance of medical herbs in animal feeding: a review (2012) Annals. Biol. Res., 3, pp. 918-923 ;\n Ahmadifar, E., Falahatkar, B., Akrami, R., Effects of dietary thymol-carvacrol on growth performance, hematological parameters and tissue composition of juvenile rainbow trout (2011) Oncorhynchus mykiss. J. Appl. Ichthyol., 27, pp. 1057-1060 ;\n Aijaz, A., Amber, K., Snowber, Y., Luqman, A.K., Nikhat, M., Proton translocating ATPase mediated fungicidal activity of eugenol and thymol (2010) Fitoterapia., 81, pp. 1157-1162 ;\n Akyurek, H., Yel, A., Influence of dietary thymol and carvacrol preparation and/or an organic acid blend on growth performance, digestive organs and intestinal microbiota of broiler chickens (2011) African J. Micro. Res., 5, pp. 979-984 ;\n Alagawany, M., Abd El-Hack, M.E., The effect of rosemary herb as a dietary supplement on performance, egg quality, serum biochemical parameters, and oxidative status in laying hens (2015) J. Anim. Feed Sci., 24, pp. 341-347 ;\n Alagawany, M.M., Farag, M.R., Dhama, K., Nutritional and biological effects of turmeric (Curcuma longa) supplementation on performance, serum biochemical parameters and oxidative status of broiler chicks exposed to endosulfan in the diets (2015) Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 10, pp. 86-96 ;\n Alagawany, M., Abd El-Hack, M.E., Farag, M.R., Tiwari, R., Dhama, K., Biological effects and modes of action of carvacrol in animal and poultry production and health - a review (2015) Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., 3 ;\n Alagawany, M.M., Farag, M.R., Dhama, K., Abd, M.E., El-Hack, R. Tiwari and G.M. Alam, Mechanisms and beneficial applications of resveratrol as feed additive in animal and poultry nutrition: a review (2015) Int. J. Pharmacol., 11, pp. 213-221 ;\n Alali, W.Q., Hofacre, C.L., Mathis, G.F., Faltys, G., Effect of essential oil compound on shedding and colonization of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg in broilers (2013) Poult. Sci., 92, pp. 836-841 ;\n Alavinezhad, A., Boskabady, M.H., Antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and immunological effects of Carum copticum L. and some of its constituents (2014) Phytother. Res., 28, pp. 1739-1748 ;\n Alizadeh, A., Zamani, E., Sharaifi, R., Javan-Nikkhah, M., Nazari, S., Antifungal activity of some essential oils against toxigenic Aspergillus species (2010) Commun. Agr. Appl. Biol. Sci., 75, pp. 761-767 ;\n AL-Kassie, G.A.M., Influence of two plant extracts derived from thyme and cinnamon on broiler performance (2009) Pakistan Vet. J., 29 ;\n Al-Mariri, A., Safi, M., In vitro antibacterial activity of several plant extracts and oils against some gram-negative bacteria (2014) Iran. J. Med. Sci., 39, pp. 36-43 ;\n Amerah, A.M., Mathis, G., Hofacre, C.L., Effect of xylanase and a blend of essential oils on performance and Salmonella colonization of broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella heidelberg (2012) Poult. Sci., 91, pp. 943-947 ;\n Andersen, A., Final report on the safety assessment of sodium p-chloro-m-cresol, p-chloro-m-cresol, chlorothymol, mixed cresols, m-cresol, o-cresol, p-cresol, isopropyl cresols, thymol, o-cymen-5-ol, and carvacrol (2006) Int. J. Toxicol., 25, pp. 29-127 ;\n Anderson, R.C., Krueger, N.A., Byrd, J.A., Harvey, R.B., Callaway, T.R., Edrington, T.S., Nisbet, D.J., Effects of thymol and diphenyliodonium chloride against Campylobacter spp. during pure and mixed culture in vitro (2009) J. Appl. Microbiol., 107, pp. 1258-1268 ;\n Angelov, I., Bermejo, D.V., Stateva, R.P., Reglero, G., Ibañez, E., Fornari, T., (2013) Extraction of Thymol from Different Varieties of Thyme Plants using Green Solvents, , III Iberoamerican Conference on Supercritical Fluids Cartagena de Indias, Colombia: ;\n Archana, S., Paul, R., Tiwari, A., Indian medicinal plants: a rich source of natural Immunomodulator (2011) Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 7, pp. 198-205 ;\n Arsi, K., Donoghue, A.M., Venkitanarayanan, K., Kollanoor, J.A., Fanatico, A.C., Blore, P.J., Donoghue, D.J., The efficacy of the natural plant extracts, thymol and carvacrol against Campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens (2014) J. Food Saf., 34, pp. 321-325 ;\n Ashour, E.A., Alagawany, M., Reda, F.M., Abd, M.E., El-Hack, Effect of supplementation of Yucca schidigera extract to growing rabbit diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, serum biochemistry and liver oxidative status. Asian (2014) J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 9, pp. 732-742 ;\n Astani, A., Schnitzler, P., Antiviral activity of monoterpenes beta-pinene and limonene against herpes simplex virus in vitro (2014) Iranin J. Microbiol., 6, pp. 149-155 ;\n Astani, A., Reichling, J., Schnitzler, P., Comparative study on the antiviral activity of selected monoterpenes derived from essential oils (2010) Phytother. Res., 24, pp. 673-679 ;\n Astudillo, A., Hong, E., Bye, R., Navarrete, A., Antispasmodic activity of extracts and compounds of Acalypha phleoides Cav (2004) Phytother. Res., 18, pp. 102-106 ;\n Austgulen, L.T., Solheim, E., Scheline, R.R., Metabolism in rats of p-cymene derivatives: carvacrol and thymol (1987) Pharmacol. Toxicol., 61, pp. 98-102 ;\n Ayash, A., (1999) Avicenna Pharmacy, , Dar al Sorour, Lebanon: ;\n Badr, G., Alwasel, S., Ebaid, H., Mohany, M., Alhazza, I., Perinatal supplementation with thymoquinone improves diabetic complications and T cell immune responses in rat offspring (2011) Cell. Immunol., 267, pp. 133-140 ;\n Bagamboula, C.F., Uyttendaele, M., Debevere, J., Inhibitory effect of thyme and basil essential oils, carvacrol, thymol, estragol, linalool and p-cymene towards Shigella sonnei and S. flexneri (2004) Food Microbiol., 21, pp. 33-42 ;\n Baqui, A., Kelley, J., Jabra-Rizk, M., Depaola, L., Falkler, W., Meiller, T., In vitro effects of oral antiseptics human immunodeficiency virus-1 and herpes simplex virus type 1 (2001) J. Clin. Periodontol., 28, pp. 610-616 ;\n Bard, M., Albrecht, M.R., Gupta, N., Guynn, C.J., Stillwell, W., Geraniol interferes with membrane functions in strains of Candida and Saccharomyces (1988) Lipids., 23, pp. 534-538 ;\n Baskaran, S.A., Venkitanarayanan, K., Plant-derived antimicrobials reduce E. coli O157:H7 virulence factors critical for colonization in cattle gastrointestinal tract in vitro (2014) BioMed Res. Int., 1 ;\n Bastos, V.P.D., Gomes, A.S., Lima, F.J.B., Brito, T.S., Soares, P.M.G., Pinho, J.P.M., Silva, C.S., Magalhaes, P.J.C., Inhaled 1, 8-cineole reduces inflammatory parameters in airways of ovalbumin-challenged Guinea pigs (2011) Basic. Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 108, pp. 34-39 ;\n Begrow, F., Engelbertz, J., Feistel, B., Lehnfeld, R., Bauer, K., Verspohl, E.J., Impact of thymol in thyme extracts on their antispasmodic action and ciliary clearance (2010) Planta Med., 76, pp. 311-318 ;\n Bento, M.H.L., Ouwehand, A.C., Tiihonen, K., Lahtinen, S., Nurminen, P., Saarinen, M.T., Schulze, H., Fischer, J., Essential oils and their use in animal feeds for monogastric animals effects on feed quality, gut microbiota, growth performance and food safety: a review (2013) Vet. Med., 58, pp. 449-458 ;\n Bonjar, G.S., Anti yeast activity of some plants used in traditional herbal medicine of Iran (2004) J. Biol. Sci., 4 ;\n Boskabady, M.H., Alitaneh, S., Alavinezhad, A., Carum copticum L.: a herbal medicine with various pharmacological effects (2014) Biomed Res. Int., 1 ;\n Botsoglou, N.A., Florou-Paner, P., Christaki, E., Fletouris, D.J., Spais, A.B., Effect of dietary oregano essential oil on performance of chickens and on iron-induced lipid oxidation of breast, thigh and abdominal fat tissues (2002) Br. Poult. Sci., 43, pp. 223-230 ;\n Bouchra, C., Mohamed, A., Hassani, I., Mohamed, L.M.H., Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils of seven Moroccan Labiatae against Botrytis cinerea Pers (2003) J. Ethnopharmacol., 89, pp. 165-169 ;\n Braga, P.C., Sasso, M.D., Culici, M., Bianchi, T., Bordoni, L., Marabini, L., Anti-inflammatory activity of thymol: inhibitory effect on the release of human neutrophil elastase (2006) Pharmacol., 77, pp. 130-136 ;\n Brek, L., Ait Mouse, H., Jaâfari, A., Aboufatima, R., Benharref, A., Kamal, M., Bénard, J., Zyad, A., Cytotoxic effect of essential oil of thyme (Thymus broussonettii) on the IGR-OV1 tumor cells resistant to chemotherapy (2007) Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 40, pp. 1537-1544 ;\n Burt, S., Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods: a review (2004) Int. J. Food Microbiol., 94, pp. 223-253 ;\n Burt, S., Vlielander, R., Haagsman, H.P., Veldhuizen, E.J.A., Increase in activity of essential oil components carvacrol and thymol against Escherichia coli O157: H7 by addition of food stabilizers (2005) J. Food Prot., 68, pp. 919-926 ;\n Caporossi, D., Ciafre, S.A., Pittaluga, M., Savini, I., Farace, M.G., Cellular responsesto H2O2 and bleomycin-induced oxidative stress in L6C5 rat myoblasts (2003) Free Rad. Biol. Med., 35, pp. 1355-1364 ;\n Cerisuelo, A., Marín, C., Sánchez-Vizcaíno, F., Gómez, E.A., De la Fuente, J.M., Durán, R., Fernández, C., The impact of a specific blend of essential oil components and sodium butyrate in feed on growth performance and Salmonella counts in experimentally challenged broilers (2014) Poult Sci., 93, pp. 599-606 ;\n Chakraborty, S., Pal, S.K., Plants for cattle health: a review of ethno- veterinary herbs in veterinary health care (2012) Annals Ayurvedic Med., 1, pp. 144-152 ;\n Cross, D.E., Mcdevith, R.M., Hillman, K., Acamovic, T., The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, digestibilities and gut microflora in chickens 7 to 28 d of age (2007) Br. Poult. Sci., 48, pp. 496-506 ;\n Darre, M.J., Kollanoor-Johny, A., Venkitanarayanan, K., Upadhyaya, I., Practical implications of plant-derived antimicrobials in poultry diets for the control of Salmonella Enteritidis (2014) J. Appl. Poult. Res., 23, pp. 92-94 ;\n Dhama, K., Chakraborty, S., Wani, M.Y., Verma, A.K., Deb, R., Tiwari, R., Kapoor, S., Novel and emerging therapies safeguarding health of humans and their companion animals: a review (2013) Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 16, pp. 101-111 ;\n Dhama, K., Mani, S., Chakraborty, S., Tiwari, R., Kumar, A., Selvaraj, P., Rai, R.B., Herbal remedies to combat cancers in humans and animals–a review (2013) Int. J. Curr. Res., 5, pp. 1908-1919 ;\n Dhama, K., Chakraborty, S., Tiwari, R., Verma, A.K., Saminathan, M., Yashpal, S.M., Nikousefat, Z., Khan, R.U., A concept paper on novel technologies boosting production and safeguarding health of humans and animals (2014) Res. Opin. Anim. Vet. Sci., 4, pp. 353-370 ;\n Dhama, K., Tiwari, R., Chakraborty, S., Saminathan, M., Kumar, A., Karthik, K., Wani, M.Y., Rahal, A., Evidence based antibacterial potentials of medicinal plants and herbs countering bacterial pathogens especially in the era of emerging drug resistance: an integrated update (2014) Int. J. Pharmacol., 10, pp. 1-43 ;\n Dhama, K., Shyma, K., Latheef, M., Saminathan, H., Abdul, K., Samad, R. Karthik, R.U. Tiwari, M. Khan, M.R. Alagawany, G.M. Farag, V. Alam and V. Tufarelli, Multiple beneficial applications and modes of action of herbs in poultry health and production-a review (2015) Int. J. Pharmacol., 11, pp. 152-176 ;\n Di Pasqua, R., Hoskins, N., Betts, G., Mauriello, G., Changes in membrane fatty acids composition of microbial cells induced by addiction of thymol, carvacrol, limonene, cinnamaldehyde and eugenol in the growing media (2006) J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, pp. 2745-2749 ;\n Di Pasqua, R., Betts, G., Hoskins, N., Edwards, M., Ercolini, D., Mauriello, G., Membrane toxicity of antimicrobial compounds from essential oils (2007) J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, pp. 4863-4870 ;\n Di Pasqua, R., Mamone, G., Ferranti, P., Ercolini, D., Mauriello, G., Changes in the proteome of salmonella enterica serovar Thompson as stress adaptation to sublethal concentrations of thymol (2010) J. Proteomics., 10, pp. 1040-1049 ;\n Diao, H., Zhenga, P., Yu, B., He, J., Mao, X., Yu, J., Chen, D., Effects of benzoic acid and thymol on growth performance and gut characteristics of weaned piglets (2015) J. Anim. Sci., 28, pp. 827-839 ;\n Didry, N., Dubreuil, L., Pinkas, M., Activity of thymol, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and eugenol on oral bacteria (1994) Pharm. Acta Helv., 69, pp. 25-28 ;\n Dipanwita, D.D., Parimala, G., Devi, S.S., Chakraborty, T., Effect of thymol on peripheral blood mononuclear cell PBMC and acute promyelotic cancer cell line HL-60 (2011) Chem. Biol. Intact., 193 ;\n Dong, R.H., Fang, Z.Z., Zhu, L.L., Ge, G.B., Cao, Y.F., Li, X.B., Hu, C.M., Liu, Z.Y., Identification of CYP isoforms involved in the metabolism of thymol and carvacrol in human liver microsomes (HLMs) (2012) Pharmazie., 67, pp. 1002-1006 ;\n Dorman, H.J.D., Deans, S.G., Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils (2000) J. Appl Microbiol., 88, pp. 308-316 ;\n Dutta, S., Essential oil of coleus aromaticus of Indian origin (1959) Indian Oil Soap J., 25, p. 120 ;\n Dwivedi, S.N., Mishra, R.P., Alava, S., Phytochemistry, pharmacological studies and traditional benefits of Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Sprague (2012) Int. J. Pharm Life Sci., 3, pp. 1705-1709 ;\n El-Sayed, E.M., Abd-Allah, A.R., Mansour, A.M., El-Arabey, A.A., Thymol and carvacrol prevent Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by abrogation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in rats (2015) J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol., 29, pp. 165-172 ;\n Engelbertz, J., Lechtenberg, M., Studt, L., Hensel, A., Verspohl, E.J., Bioassay-guided fractionation of a thymol-deprived hydrophilic thyme extract and its antispasmodic effect (2012) J. Ethnopharmacol., 141, pp. 848-853 ;\n Epps, S.V., Harvey, R.B., Byrd, J.A., Petrujkić, B.T., Sedej, I., Beier, R.C., Phillips, T.D., Nisbet, D.J., Comparative effect of thymol or its glucose conjugate, thymol-β-D-glucopyranoside, on Campylobacter in avian gut contents (2015) J. Environ. Sci. Health B., 50, pp. 55-61 ;\n Erkan, N., Tosun, Ş.Y., Ulusoy, Ş., Üretener, G., The use of a thyme and laurel essential oil treatments to extend the shelf life of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) during storage in ice (2010) J. für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit., 6, pp. 39-48 ;\n Erkan, N., The effect of thyme and garlic oil on the preservationof vacuum-packaged hot smoked rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (2012) Food Bioprocess Technol., 5, pp. 1246-1254 ;\n Ernst, E., Prevalence of use of complementary/alternative medicine: a systematic review (2000) Bull. World Health Organ., 78, pp. 252-257 ;\n Evans, P., Halliwell, B., Micronutrients: oxidant/antioxidant status (2001) Br. J. Nutr., 85, pp. 67-74 ;\n Fachini-Queiroz, F.C., Kummer, R., Estev˜ao-Silva, C.F., de Barros Carvalho, M.D., Cunha, J.M., Grespan, R., Aparecida, C., Cuman, R.K.N., Effects of thymol and carvacrol, constituents of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil, on the inflammatory response (2012) Evid-Based Compl. Alt., 1 ;\n Farag, M.R., Alagawany, M.M., Dhama, K., Antidotal effect of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) against endosulfan-induced cytogenotoxicity and immunotoxicity in broiler chicks (2014) Int. J. Pharmacol., 10, pp. 429-439 ;\n Figiel, A., Antoni, S., Antonio, G.O., Barrachina, C., Ángel, A., Composition of oregano essential oil (Origanum vulgare) as affected by drying method (2010) J. Food Eng., 98, pp. 240-247 ;\n Friedman, M., Henika, P.R., Mandrell, R.E., Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against C. jejuni, E. coli, L. monocytogenes and S. enteritica (2002) J. Food Prot., 65, pp. 1545-1560 ;\n García, D.A., Bujons, J., Vale, C., Suñol, C., Allosteric positive interaction of thymol with the GABAA receptor in primary cultures of mouse cortical neurons (2005) Neuropharmacol., 50, pp. 25-35 ;\n García-Risco, M.R., Vicente, G., Reglero, G., Fornari, T., Fractionation of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) by supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography (2011) J. Supercrit. Fluid., 55 ;\n Ghasemi Pirbalouti, G., Hamedi, B., Malek Poor, F., Rahimi, E., Nasri Nejhad, R., Inhibitory activity of Iranian endemic medicinal plants against Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio harveyi (2011) J. Med. Plant Res., 5 ;\n Gholijani, N., Gharagozloo, M., Farjadian, S., Amirghofran, Z., Modulatory effects of thymol and carvacrol on inflammatory transcription factors in lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages (2015) J. Immunotoxicol., 27, pp. 1-8 ;\n Ghrairi, T., Hani, K., Enhanced bactericidal effect of enterocin A in combination with thyme essential oils against L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 (2015) J. Food Sci. Technol., 52, pp. 2148-2156 ;\n Gill, A.O., Holley, R.A., Disruption of E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes and Lactobacillus sakei cellular membranes by plant oil aromatics (2006) Int. J. Food Microbiol., 108, pp. 1-9 ;\n Goodner, K.L., Mahattanatawee, K., Plotto, A., Sotomayor, J., Jordan, M., Aromatic profiles of Thymus hyemalis and Spanish T. vulgaris essential oils by GC–MS/GC–O (2006) Ind. Crop. Prod., 24, pp. 264-268 ;\n Gopi, M., Karthik, K., Manjunathachar, H.V., Tamilmahan, P., Kesavan, M., Dashprakash, B.L., Balaraju, M., Purushothaman, M.R., Essential oils as a feed additive in poultry nutrition (2014) Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., 2, pp. 1-7 ;\n Gormez, O., Diler, O., In vitro antifungal activity of essential oils from Tymbra, Origanum, Satureja species and some pure compounds on the fish pathogenic fungus (2012) Saprolegnia parasitica. Aquacult. Res., 45, pp. 1196-1201 ;\n Goryaev, M.I., (1952) Essential Oils of USSR Flora, , Izd. Akad. Nauk Kaz. SSR, Alma-Ata ;\n Goudarzi, M.A., Hamedi, B., Malekpoor, F., Abdizadeh, R., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Raissy, M., Sensitivity of Lactococcus garvieae isolated from rainbow trout to some Iranian medicinal herbs (2011) J. Med. Plant Res., 5, pp. 3067-3073 ;\n Guerra-Boone, L., Alvarez-Román, R., Salazar-Aranda, R., Torres-Cirio, T., Rivas-Galindo, V.M., N.W. de-Torres, G. González. and L.A. Pérez-López, Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and chemical characterization of essential oils of Thymus vulgaris, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Origanum majorana from northeastern México (2015) Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 28, pp. 363-369 ;\n Guimaraes, A.G., Xavier, M.A., M.T. de Santana, E.A. Camargo, C.A. Santos, F.A. Brito, E.O. Barreto, S.C. Cavalcanti, A.R. Antoniolli, R.C. Oliveira and L.J. Quin- tans-Ju ′ nior, Carvacrol attenuates mechanical hypernociception and inflammatory response (2012) Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 385, pp. 253-263 ;\n Guo, N., Liu, J., Wu, X., Bi, X., Meng, R., Wang, X., Xiang, H., Yu, L., Antifungal activity of thymol against clinical isolates of fluconazole-sensitive and -resistant Candida albicans (2009) J. Med. Microbiol., 58, pp. 1074-1079 ;\n Gutierrez, J., Barry-Ryan, C., Bourke, P., The antimicrobial efficacy of plant essential oil combinations and interactions with food ingredients (2008) Int. J. Food Microbiol., 124, pp. 91-97 ;\n Haeseler, G., Maue, D., Grosskreutz, J., Bufler, J., Nentwig, B., Piepenbrock, S., Dengler, R., Leuwer, M., Voltage-dependent block of neuronal and skeletal muscle sodium channels by thymol and menthol (2002) Eur. J. Anaesthesiol., 19, pp. 571-579 ;\n Hanahan, D., Weinberg, R.A., Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation (2011) Cell, 144, pp. 646-674 ;\n Harpaz, S., Glatman, L., Drabkin, V., Gelman, A., Effects of herbal essential oils used to extend the shelf life of freshwater-reared Asian sea bass fish (Lates calcarifer) (2003) J. Food Protec., 66, pp. 410-417 ;\n Hashemipour, H., Kermanshahi, H., Golian, A., Veldkamp, T., Effect of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, fatty acid composition, digestive enzyme activities, and immune response in broiler chickens (2013) Poult. Sci., 92, pp. 2059-2069 ;\n Hashemipour, H., Kermanshahi, H., Golian, A., Khaksar, V., Effects of carboxy methyl cellulose and thymol + carvacrol on performance, digesta viscosity and some blood metabolites of broilers (2014) J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 98, pp. 672-679 ;\n Heo, G.J., Kim, C.H., Park, S.C., Zoysa, M.D., Shin, G.W., Antimicrobial activity of thymol against pathogenic gram-negative bacteria of fishes (2012) Philipp. J. Vet. Med., 49, pp. 103-106 ;\n Hernandez, F., Madrid, J., Garcia, V., Orengo, J., Megias, M.D., Influence of two plant extracts on broiler performance, digestibility, and digestive organ size (2004) Poult. Sci., 83, pp. 169-174 ;\n Hoffman-Pennesi, D., Wu, C., The effect of thymol and thyme oil feed supplementation on growth performance, serum antioxidant levels, and cecal Salmonella population in broilers (2010) J. Appl. Poult. Res., 19, pp. 432-443 ;\n Hyldgaard, M., Mygind, T., Meyer, R.L., Essential oils in food preservation: mode of action, synergies, and interactions with food matrix components (2012) Front Microbiol., 25, p. 12 ;\n Ibrahim, M.A., Kainulainen, P., Aflatuni, A., Tiilikkala, K., Holopainen, J.K., Insecticidal, repellent, antimicrobial activity and phytotoxicity of essential oils: with special reference to limonene and its suitability for control of insect pests (2001) Agric. Food Sci., 10, pp. 243-259 ;\n Ilic, B.S., Kocic, B.D., Ciric, V.M., Cvetkovic, O.G., Miladinovic, D.L., An in vitro synergistic interaction of combinations of Thymus glabrescens essential oil and its main constituents with chloramphenicol (2014) Sci. World J., 1, pp. 1-12 ;\n Irfan Ilhak, O., Sahan Guran, H., Combined antimicrobial effect of thymol and sodium lactate against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium in fish patty (2014) J. Food Safety., 34 ;\n Isman, M.B., Plant essential oils for pest and disease management (2000) Crop Prot., 19, pp. 603-608 ;\n Jang, I.S., Ko, Y.H., Kang, S.Y., Lee, C.Y., Effect of commercial essential oils on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and intestinal microflora population in broiler chickens (2007) Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 134, pp. 304-315 ;\n Jassim, S.A., Naji, M.A., Novel antiviral agents: a medicinal plant perspective (2003) J. Appl. Microbiol., 95, pp. 412-427 ;\n Jensen, A.N., Dalsgaard, A., Baggesen, D.L., Neilsen, E.M., The occurrence and characterization of Campylobacter jejuni and E. coli in organic pigs and their outdoor environment (2006) Vet. Microbiol., 116 (1-3), pp. 96-105 ;\n Jensen, C., Engberg, R., Jakobsen, K., Skibsted, L.H., Bertelsen, G., Influence of the oxidative quality of dietary oil on broiler meat storage stability (1997) Meat Sci., 47, pp. 211-222 ;\n Jerzsele, A., Szeker, K., Csizinszky, R., Gere, E., Jakab, C., Mallo, J., Galfi, P., Efficacy of protected sodium butyrate, a protected blend of essential oils, their combination, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spore suspension against artificially induced necrotic enteritis in broilers (2012) Poult. Sci., 4, pp. 837-843 ;\n Jesus, F.P., Ferreiro, L., Bizzi, K.S., Loreto, E.S., Pilotto, M.B., Ludwig, A., Alves, S.H., Santurio, J.M., In vitro activity of carvacrol and thymol combined with antifungals or antibacterials against Pythium insidiosum (2015) J. Mycol. Med., 25, pp. e89-e93 ;\n Johny, A.K., Darre, M.J., Donoghue, A.M., Donoghue, D.J., Venkitanarayanan, K., Antibacterial effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol on Salmonella Enteritidis and Campylobacter jejuni in chicken cecal contents in vitro (2010) J. Appl. Poult. Res., 19, pp. 237-244 ;\n Jordan, W., Van Barneveld, H., Gerlich, O., Kleine-Boymann, M., Ullrich, J., Phenol (1991) Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, A 19, pp. 299-312. , 5th, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim ;\n Jouki, M., Mortazavi, S.A., Tabatabaei, F., Yazdi and A. Koocheki, Characterization of antioxidant–antibacterial quince seed mucilage films containing thyme essential oil (2014) Carbohydr Polym., 99, pp. 537-546 ;\n Juven, B., Kanner, J.J., Schved, F., Weisslowicz, H., Factors that interact with the antibacterial action of thyme essential oil and its active constituents (1994) J. Appl. Microbiol., 76, pp. 626-631 ;\n Kanias, G.D., Souleles, C., Loukis, A., Philotheou-Panou, E., Trace elements and essential oil composition in chemotypes of the aromatic plant Origanum vulgare (1998) J. Radioanal. Nuc. Ch., 227, pp. 23-31 ;\n Karpanen, T.J., Worthington, T., Hendry, E.R., Conway, B.R., Lambert, P.A., Antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine digluconate alone and in combination with eucalyptus oil, tea tree oil and thymol against planktonic and biofilm cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis (2008) J. Antim Chemother., 62, pp. 1031-1036 ;\n Kazemi, O.R., Behravan, J., Ramezani, M., Chemical composition, antimicrobial activity and antiviral activity of essential oil of Carum copticum from IRAN (2011) Avicenna J. Phytomed., 1, pp. 83-90 ;\n Khan, R.U., Naz, S., Nikousefat, Z., Tufarelli, V., Laudadio, V., Thymus vulgaris: alternative to antibiotics in poultry feed (2012) World Poult. Sci. J., 68, pp. 401-408 ;\n Khan, R.U., Naz, S., Nikousefat, Z., Tufarelli, V., Javdani, M., Qureshi, M.S., Laudadio, V., Potential applications of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in poultry diets (2012) World Poult. Sci. J., 68, pp. 245-252 ;\n Khattak, F., Ronchi, A., Castelli, P., Sparks, N., Effects of natural blend of essential oil on growth performance, blood biochemistry, cecal morphology, and carcass quality of broiler chickens (2014) Poult. Sci., 93, pp. 132-137 ;\n Klein, G., Ruben, C., Upmann, M., Antimicrobial activity of essential oil components against potential food spoilage microorganisms (2013) Curr. Microbiol., 67 (2), pp. 200-208 ;\n Krause, E.L., Ternes, W., Bioavailability of the antioxidative Rosmarinus officinalis compound carnosic acid in eggs (1999) Eur. Food Res. Tech., 210, pp. 161-164 ;\n Kucukgul Gulec, A., Danabas, D., Ural, M., Seker, E., Arslan, A., Serdar, O., Effect of mixed use of thyme and fennel oils on biochemical properties and electrolytes in rainbow trout as a response to Yersinia ruckeri infection (2013) Acta Vet. Brno., 82 ;\n Kykkidou, S., Giatrakou, V., Papavergou, A., Kontominas, M.G., Savvaidis, I.N., Effect of thyme essential oil and packaging treatments on fresh Mediterranean swordfish fillets during storage at 4°C (2009) Food Chem., 115, pp. 169-175 ;\n Lagouri, V., George, B., Maria, T., Kokkini, S., Boskou, D., Composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils from Oregano plants grown wild in Greece (1993) Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und -Forschung A., 197, pp. 1431-4630 ;\n Lambert, R.J., Skandamis, P.N., Coote, P.J., Nychas, G.J., A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol (2001) J. Appl. Microbiol., 91, pp. 453-462 ;\n Lee, K.W., Everts, H., Kappert, H.J., Frehner, M., Losa, R., Beynen, A.C., Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens (2003) Br. Poult. Sci., 44, pp. 450-457 ;\n Lee, K.W., Eerts, H., Kappert, H.J., Beynen, A.C., Growth performance of broiler chickens fed a carboxymethyl cellulose containing diet with supplemental carvacrol and/or cinnamaldehyde (2004) Int. J. Poult. Sci., 3, pp. 619-622 ;\n Lee, S.J., Umano, K., Shibamoto, T., Lee, K., Identification of volatile components in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and thyme leaves (Thymus vulgaris L.) and their antioxidant properties (2005) Food Chem., 91, pp. 131-137 ;\n Li, S., Ru, Y.J., Liu, M., Xu, B., Péron, A., Shi, X.G., The effect of essential oils on performance, immunity and gut microbial population in weaner pigs (2012) Livest. Sci., 145, pp. 119-123 ;\n Lide, D.R., Frederikse, H.P.R., (1996) CRC handbook of chemistry and physics, , CRC Press, Boca Raton, New York: ;\n Lin, C.C., Wu, S.J., Chang, C.H., Ng, L.T., Antioxidant activity of Cinnamomum cassia (2003) Phytother. Res., 17, pp. 726-730 ;\n Liolios, C.C., Gortzi, O., Lalas, S., Tsaknis, J., Chinou, I., Liposomal incorporation of carvacrol and thymol isolated from the essential oil of Origanum dictamnus L. and in vitro antimicrobial activity (2009) Food Chem., 112, pp. 77-83 ;\n K.S. Lira Mota, F. Oliveira Pereira, W.A. Oliveira, I. Oliveira Lima and E.D. Oliveira Lima, Antifungal activity of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil and its constituent phytochemicals against Rhizopus oryzae (2012) Molecules, 17, pp. 14418-14433 ;\n Liu, Q., Niu, H., Zhang, W., Mu, H., Sun, C., Duan, J., Synergy among thymol, eugenol, berberine, cinnamaldehyde and streptomycin against planktonic and biofilm-associated food-borne pathogens (2015) Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 60, pp. 421-430 ;\n Lord-Fontaine, S., Averill-Bates, D.A., Heat shock inactivates cellular antioxidantdefences against hydrogen peroxide: protection by glucose (2002) Free Radical Bio. Med., 32, pp. 752-765 ;\n Lu, Y., Wu, C., Reduction of Salmonella enterica contamination on grape tomatoes by washing with thyme oil, thymol and carvacrol as compared with chlorine treatment (2010) J. Food Prot., 73, pp. 2270-2275 ;\n Lu, Y., Wu, C., Reductions of Salmonella enterica on chicken breast by thymol, acetic acid, sodium dodecyl sulfate or hydrogen peroxide combinations as compared to chlorine wash (2012) Int. J. Food Microbiol., 152, pp. 31-34 ;\n Luna, A., Lábaque, M.C., Zygadlo, J.A., Marin, R.H., Effects of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on lipid oxidation in broiler meat (2010) Poult. Sci., 89, pp. 366-370 ;\n Lynch, I.I., Horenstein, M.B., Lábaque, M.C., Luna, A., Marin, R.H., Gleiser, R.M., Fly emergence from manure of Japanese quail fed thymol- or isoeugenol-supplemented diets (2014) Poult. Sci., 93, pp. 2449-2456 ;\n Mahima Rahal, A., Deb, R., Latheef, S.K., Samad, H.A., Tiwari, R., Verma, A.K., Kumar, A., Dhama, K., Immunomodulatory and therapeutic potentials of herbal, traditional/indigenous and ethnoveterinary medicines (2012) Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 15 ;\n Manohar, V., Ingram, C., Gray, J., Talpur, N.A., Echard, B.W., Bagchi, D., Preuss, G., Antifungal activities of origanum oil against Candida albicans (2001) Mol. Cell. Biochem., 228, pp. 111-117 ;\n Mastromatteo, M., Lucera, A., Sinigaglia, M., Corbo, M.R., Combined effects of thymol, carvacrol and temperature on the quality of non conventional poultry patties (2009) Meat Sci., 83, pp. 246-254 ;\n Mates, J.M., Perez-Gomez, C., Nunez, D.C.I., Antioxidant enzymes and humandiseases (1999) Clin. Biochem., 32, pp. 595-603 ;\n McCord, J.M., The evolution of free radicals and oxidative stress (2000) Am. J. Med., 108, pp. 652-659 ;\n Mendes, S.S., Bomfim, R.R., Jesus, H.C.R., Alves, P.B., Blank, A.F., Estevam, C.S., Antoniolli, A.R., Thomazzi, S.M., Evaluation of the analgesic and anti- inflammatory effects of the essential oil of Lippia gracilis leaves (2010) J. Ethnopharmacol., 129 (3), pp. 391-397 ;\n Mezzoug, N., Elhadri, A., Dallouh, A., Amkiss, S., Skali, N.S., Abrini, J., Zhiri, A., Idaomar, M., Investigation of the mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of Origanum compactum essential oil and some of its constituents (2007) Mut. Res-Gen. Tox. En., 629, p. 100 ;\n Michiels, J., Missotten, J., Van Hoorick, A., Ovyn, A., Fremaut, D., De Smet, S., Dierick, N., Effects of dose and formulation of carvacrol and thymol on bacteria and some functional traits of the gut in piglets after weaning (2010) Arch. Anim. Nutr., 64, pp. 136-154 ;\n Michiels, J., Missotten, J., Dierick, N., Fremaut, D., Maene, P., De Smet, S., In vitro degradation and in vivo passage kinetics of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde along the gastrointestinal tract of piglets (2008) J. Sci. Food Agric., 88, pp. 2371-2381 ;\n Miladinović, D.L., Ilić, B.S., Kocić, B.D., Ćirić, V.M., Nikolić, D.M., Antibacterial investigation of thyme essential oil and its main constituents in combination with tetracycline (2015) J. Med. Food., 19, pp. 1-10 ;\n Misaghi, A., Akhondzadeh, B.A., Effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss.essential oil and nisin on Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 (2007) Food Control., 18, pp. 1043-1049 ;\n Mitsch, P., Zitterl-Eglseer, K., Kohler, B., Gabler, C., Losa, R., Zimpernik, I., The effect of two different blends of essential oil components on the proliferation of clostridium perfringens in the intestines of broiler chickens (2004) Poult Sci., 83, pp. 669-675 ;\n Moldão-Martins, M., Palavra, A., Beiraodacosta, M., Bernardogil, M., Supercritical CO2 extraction of Thymus zygis L. subsp. sylvestris aroma (2000) J. Supercrit. Fluid., 18 ;\n Mosleh, N., Shomali, T., Aghapour Kazemi, H., Effect of Zataria multiflora essential oil on immune responses and faecal virus shedding period in broilers immunized with live Newcastle disease vaccines (2013) Iranian J. Vet. Res., 14, pp. 220-225 ;\n Mousavi, S.M., Mirzargar, S.S., Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi, H., Omidbaigi, R., Khosravi, A., Bahonar, A., Antifungal and toxicity effects of new combined essential oils on Oncorhynchus mykiss in comparison with malachite green. Iranian J. Vet (2012) Sci. Technol., 4, pp. 1-8 ;\n Nabavi, S.M., Marchese, A., Izadi, M., Curti, V., Daglia, M., Nabavi, S., Plants belonging to the genus thymus as antibacterial agents: from farm to pharmacy (2015) Food Chem., 173, pp. 339-347 ;\n Namkung, H., Li, M., Gong, J., Yu, H., Cottrill, M., de Lange, C.F.M., Impact of feeding blends of organic acids and herbal extracts on growth performance, gut microbiota and digestive function in newly weaned pigs (2004) Can. J. Anim. Sci., 84, pp. 697-704 ;\n Nastro, A., Blanco, A.R., Cannatelli, M.A., Enea, V., Flamini, G., Morelki, J., Sudano, A., Roccano and V. Alonzo, Susceptibility of methicillin-resistant staphylococci to oregano essential oil, carvacrol and thymol (2004) FEBS Lett., 230, pp. 191-195 ;\n Nevas, M., Korhonen, A., Lindstrom, M., Turkki, P., Korkeala, H., Antibacterial efficiency of finnish spice essential oils against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria (2004) J. Food Prot., 67, pp. 199-202 ;\n Nieddu, M., Rassu, G., Boatto, G., Bosi, P., Trevisi, P., Giunchedi, P., Carta, A., Gavini, E., Improvement of thymol properties by complexation with cyclodextrins: in vitro and in vivo studies (2014) Carbohyd. Polym., 102, pp. 393-399 ;\n Norwitz, G., Nataro, N., Keliher, P.N., Study of the steam distillation of phenolic compounds using ultraviolent spectrometry (1986) Anal. Chem., 58, pp. 639-641 ;\n Nostro, A., Blanco, A.R., Cannatelli, M.A., Enea, V., Flamini, G., Morelli, I., Sudano, A., Roccaro and V. Alonzo, Susceptibility of methicillin-resistant staphylococci to oregano essential oil, carvacrol and thymol (2004) FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 230, pp. 191-195 ;\n Nunes, P.S., Albuquerque-Ju′ nior, R.L.C., Cavalcante, D.R.R., Dantas, M.D.M., Cardoso, J.C., Bezerra, M.S., Souza, J.C.C., Araujo, A.A.S., Collagen-based films containing lipo-some-loaded usnic acid as dressing for dermal burn healing (2011) J. Biomed Biotechnol., 1, pp. 1-9 ;\n Oskuee, R.K., Behravan, J., Ramezani, M., Chemical composition, antimicrobial activity and antiviral activity of essential oil of Carum copticum from Iran (2011) Avicenna J. Phytomed., 1, pp. 83-90 ;\n Ozkan, G., Baydar, H., Erbas, S., The influence of harvest time on essential oil composition, phenolic constituents and antioxidant properties of Turkish oregano (Origanum onites L.) (2009) J. Sci. Food Agr., 90 ;\n Palaniappan, K., Richard, A., Use of natural antimicrobials to increase antibiotic susceptibility of drug resistant bacteria (2010) Int. J. Food Microbiol., 140, pp. 164-168 ;\n Passreiter, C.M., Wilson, J., Andersen, R.J., Isman, M.B., Metabolism of thymol and trans-Anethole in larvae of Spodoptera litura and trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) (2004) J. Agr. Food Chem., 52, pp. 2549-2551 ;\n Peana, A.T., D’Aquila, P.S., Panin, F., Serra, G., Pippial, P., Moretti, M.D.L., Anti-inflammatory activity of linalool and linalyl acetate constituents of essential oils (2002) Phytomedicine, 9 ;\n Pearce, R.A., Wallace, F.M., Call, J.E., Dudley, R.L., Oser, A., Yoder, L., Sheridan, J.J., Luchansky, J.B., Prevalence of Campylobacter within a swine slaughter and processing facility (2003) J. Food Prot., 66, pp. 1550-1556 ;\n Pei, R.S., Zhou, F., Ji, B.P., Xu, J., Evaluation of combined antibacterial effects of eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and carvacrol against E. coli with an improved method (2009) J. Food Sci., 74, pp. 379-383 ;\n Peñalver, P., Huerta, B., Borge, C., Astorga, R., Romareo, R., Perea, A., Antimicrobial activity of five essential oils against origin strains of the Enterobacteriaceae family (2005) Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Sca., 113, pp. 1-6 ;\n Pérez-Rosés, R., Risco, E., Vila, R., Peñalver, P., Effect of some essential oils on phagocytosis and complement system activity (2015) J. Agr. Food Chem., 63, pp. 1496-1504 ;\n Perrucci, S., Cecchini, S., Pretti, C., Varriale, A.M., Cognetti and G. Macchioni, In vitro antimycotic activity of some natural products against Saprolegnia ferax (1995) Phytother. Res., 9, pp. 147-149 ;\n Pirbalouti, A.G., Bahmani, M., Avijgan, M., Anti-Candida activity of some of the Iranian medicinal plants (2009) Electronic J. Biol., 5, pp. 85-88 ;\n Platel, K., Srinivasan, K., Digestive stimulant action of spices: a myth or reality (2004) Indian J. Med. Res., 119, pp. 167-179 ;\n Primo, V., Rovera, M., Zanon, S., Determination of the antibacterial and antiviral activity of the essential oil from Minthostachys verticillata (Griseb.) Epling (2001) Rev. Argent. Microbiol., 33, pp. 113-117 ;\n Qiu, J., Wang, D., Xiang, H., Feng, H., Jiang, Y., Xia, L., Dong, J., Deng, X., Subinhibitory concentrations of thymol reduce enterotoxins A and B and α-hemolysin production in Staphylococcus aureus isolates (2010) PLos One., 5, p. 9736 ;\n Rahal, A., Kumar, A., Singh, V., Yadav, B., Tiwari, R., Chakraborty, S., Dhama, K., Oxidative stress, prooxidants and antioxidants: the interplay (2014) BioMed Res. Int., 3, p. 19 ;\n Rahimi, A., Kiralan, M., Arslan, N., Bayrak, A., Dogramac, S., Variation in fatty acid composition of registered poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) seed in Turkey (2011) Akademik Gida., 9 ;\n Rassu, G., Nieddu, M., Bosi, P., Trevisi, P., Colombo, M., Priori, D., Manconi, P., Boatto, G., Encapsulation and modified-release of thymol from oral microparticles as adjuvant or substitute to current medications (2014) Int. J. Phytotherap Phytopharmacol., 21 ;\n Rattanachaikunsopon, P., Phumkhachorn, P., Assessment of synergistic efficacy of carvacrol and cymene against Edwardsiella tarda in vitro and in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (2010) Afr. J. Microbiol. Res., 4, pp. 420-425 ;\n Reiner, G.N., Labuckas, D.O., Garcia, D.A., Lipophilicity of some GABAergic phenols and related compounds determined by HPLC and partition coefficients in different systems (2009) J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 49, pp. 686-691 ;\n Rhee, K.S., Anderson, L.M., Sams, A.R., Lipid peroxidation potential of beef, chicken and pork (1996) J. Food Sci., 61, pp. 8-12 ;\n Riella, K.R., Marinho, R.R., Santos, J.S., Pereira-Filho, R.N., Cardoso, J.C., Albuquerque-Junior, R.L.C., Thomazzi, S.M., Anti-inflammatory and cicatrizing activities of thymol, a monoterpene of the essential oil from Lippia gracilis, in rodents (2012) J. Ethnopharmacol., 143, pp. 656-663 ;\n Rivas, L., McDonnell, M.J., Burgess, C.M., O’Brien, M., Navarro-Villa, N., Fanning, S., Inhibition of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli in model broth and rumen systems by carvacrol and thymol (2010) Int. J. Food Microbiol., 139, pp. 70-78 ;\n Robbins, B.H., Quantitative studies on the absorption and excretion of certain resorcinols and cresols in dogs and man (1934) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap., 52 (1), pp. 54-60 ;\n Robledo, S., Osorio, E., Jaramillo, L.M., Restrepo, A., Arango, G., Vélez, I., In vitro and in vivo cytotoxicities and antileishmanial activities of thymol and hemisynthetic derivatives (2005) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 49, pp. 1652-1655 ;\n Rodriguez-Garcia, B.A., Silva-Espinoza, L.A., Ortega-Ramirez, J., Leyva, M., Siddiqui, M.R., Cruz-Valenzuela, G.A., Gonzalez-Aguilar, A., Ayala-Zavala, J.F., Oregano essential oil as an antimicrobial and antioxidant additive in food products (2015) Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 41, pp. 1223-1228 ;\n Roomiani, L., Soltani, M., Akhondzadeh Basti, A., Mahmoodi, A., Taheri Mirghaed, A., Yadolahi, F., Evaluation of the chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis, Zataria multiflora, Anethum graveolens and Eucalyptus globulus against Streptococcus iniae: the cause of zoonotic disease in farmed fish (2013) Iranian J. Fish Sci., 12, pp. 702-716 ;\n Rosaria Corbo, M., Di Giulio, S., Conte, A., Speranza, B., Sinigaglia, M., Alessandro Del Nobile, M., Thymol and modified atmosphere packaging to control microbiological spoilage in packed fresh cod hamburgers (2009) Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 44 ;\n Rosato, A., Vitali, C., De Laurentis, N., Armenise, D., Antonietta Milillo, M., Antibacterial effect of some essential oils administered alone or in combination with Norfloxacin (2007) Phytomed., 14, pp. 727-732 ;\n Rustaiyan, A., Masoudi, S., Monfared, A., Volatile constituents of three Thymus species grown wild in Iran (2000) Planta Med., 66, pp. 197-198 ;\n Sahin, O., Morishita, T.Y., Zhang, Q., Campylobacter colonization in poultry: sources of infection and modes of transmission (2002) Anim. Health Res. Rev., 3, pp. 95-105 ;\n Salima, M.K., Abdelghani, B., Saoudi, A., Antipseudomonal activity of the essential oil of Thymus numidicus Poiret (2014) Int. J. Pharmaceut. Sci. Rev. Res., 25, pp. 149-153 ;\n Sánchez, G., Aznar, R., Evaluation of natural compounds of plant origin for inactivation of enteric viruses (2015) Food Environ. Virol., 7, pp. 183-187 ;\n Sanchez, M.E., Turina, A.V., Garcia, D.A., Nolan, M.V., Perillo, M.A., Surface activity of thymol: implications for an eventual pharmacological activity (2004) Colloids Surf. B. Biointerfaces., 34, pp. 77-88 ;\n Schnitzler, P., Schon, K., Reichling, J., Antiviral activity of Australian tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil against herpes simplex virus in cell culture (2001) Pharmazie., 56, pp. 343-347 ;\n Segvić Klarić, M., Kosalec, I., Mastelić, J., Piecková, E., Pepeljnak, S., Antifungal activity of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil and thymol against moulds from damp dwellings (2007) Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 44 ;\n Sfeir, J., Lefrancois, C., Baudoux, D., Derbre, S., Licznar, P., In vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils against Streptococcus pyogenes (2013) Evid-Based Compl. Alt., 20, pp. 1-9 ;\n Si, W.J., Gong, C., Chanas, S., Cui, H., Yu, C., Caballero, R.M., Friendship, in vitro assessment of antimicrobial activity of carvacrol, thymol and cinnamaldehyde towards Salmonella serotype typhimurium DT104: effects of pig diets and emulsification in hydrocolloids (2006) J. Appl. Microbiol., 101, pp. 1282-1291 ;\n Sikkema, J., Boont, J.A., Poolman, B., Mechanisms of membrane toxicity of hydrocarbons (1995) Microbiol. Rev., 59, pp. 201-222 ;\n Singh, S., Dubey, P., Tripathi, S., Fungitoxic properties of the essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi sprague (1986) Mycoses., 29, pp. 37-40 ;\n Soković, M., Glamoclija, J., Cirić, A., Kataranovski, D., Marin, P.D., Vukojević, J., Brkić, D., Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris L. and thymol on experimentally induced dermatomycoses (2008) Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 34, pp. 1388-1393 ;\n Sokovic, M., Glamoclija, J., Marin, P.D., Brkic, D., Van Griensven, L.J., Antibacterial effects of the essential oils of commonly consumed medicinal herbs using an in vitro model (2010) Molecules, 15, pp. 7532-7546 ;\n Sokovic, M., Tzakou, O., Pitarokili, D., Couladis, M., Antifungal activities of selected aromatic plants growing wild in Greece (2002) Nahrung., 46, pp. 312-320 ;\n Soliman, K.M., Badeaa, R.I., Effect of oil extracted from some medicinal plants on different mycotoxigenic fungi (2002) Food Chem. Toxicol., 40, pp. 1669-1675 ;\n Soltani, M., Sheikhzade, N., Ebrahimzadeh, H.A., Mousavi and A. Zargar, Effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil on innate immune responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) (2010) J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 5, pp. 191-199 ;\n Stanley, K., Jones, K., Cattle and sheep farms as reservoirs of Campylobacter (2003) J. Appl. Microbiol., 94, pp. 104-113 ;\n Takada, M., Agata, I., Sakamoto, M., Yagi, N., Hayashi, N., On the metabolic detoxication of thymol in rabbit and man J. Toxicol Sci., 4, pp. 341-350 ;\n Thomazzi, S.M., Silva, C.B., Silveira, D.C.R., Vasconcellos, C.L.C., Lira, A.F., Cambui, E.V.F., Estevam, C.S., Antoniolli, A.R., Antinociceptive and anti-inflam-matory activities of Bowdichia virgilioides (sucupira) (2010) J. Ethnopharmacol., 127, pp. 451-456 ;\n Thompson, J.D., Chalchat, J.C., Michet, A., Linhart, Y.B., Ehlers, B., Qualitative and quantitative variation in monoterpene co-occurrence and composition in the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris chemotypes (2003) J. Chem. Ecol., 29, pp. 859-880 ;\n Tiihonen, K., Kettunen, H., Bento, M.H., Saarinen, M., Lahtinen, S., Ouwehand, A.C., Schulze, H., Rautonen, N., The effect of feeding essential oils on broiler performance and gut microbiota (2010) Br. Poult. Sci., 51, pp. 381-392 ;\n Tilford, L.G., (1997) Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West, , Mountain Press Publishing, Missoula, MT: ;\n Trombetta, D., Castelli, F., Sarpietro, M.G., Venuti, V., Cristani, M., Daniele, C., Saija, A., Bisignano, G., Mechanisms of antibacterial action of three monoterpenes (2005) Antimicrob. Agents Ch., 49, pp. 2474-2478 ;\n Tsao, R., Zhou, T., Antifungal activity of monoterpenoids against postharvest pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Monilinia fructicola (2000) J. Essent. Oil Res., 12, pp. 113-121 ;\n Ulukanli, Z., Cigremis, Y., Ilcim, A., In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of acetone and methanol extracts from Thymus leucotrichius (Lamiaceae) (2011) Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmaco., 15, pp. 649-657 ;\n Ündeğer, Ü., Başaran, A., Degen, G.H., Başaran, N., Antioxidant activities of major thyme ingredients and lack of (oxidative) DNA damage in V79 Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells at low levels of carvacrol and thymol (2009) Food Chem. Toxicol., 47, pp. 2037-2043 ;\n Usai, M., Foddai, M., Sechi, B., Juliano, C., Marchetti, M., Comparison of antibacterial activity of natural and hydroformylated essential oil of Thymus capitatus growing wild in north Sardinia with commercial Thymus essential oils (2010) Nat. Prod. Commun., 5, pp. 1985-1989 ;\n Varel, V.H., Miller, D.N., Effect of carvacrol and thymol on odor emissions from livestock wastes (2001) Water Sci. Technol., 44, pp. 143-148 ;\n Varel, V.H., Carvacrol and thymol reduce swine waste odor and pathogens ;\n stability of oils (2002) Curr. Microbiol., 44, pp. 38-43 ;\n Varel, V.H., Miller, D.N., Eugenol stimulates lactate accumulation yet inhibits volatile fatty acid production and eliminatescoliform bacteria in cattle and swine waste (2004) J. Appl. Microbiol., 97, pp. 1001-1005 ;\n Varel, V.H., Miller, D.N., Berry, E.D., Incorporation of thymol into corncob granules for reduction of odor and pathogens in feedlot cattle waste (2006) J. Anim. Sci., 84, pp. 481-487 ;\n Varel, V.H., Wells, J.E., Influence of thymol and a urease inhibitor on coliform bacteria, odor, urea, and methane from a swine production manure pit (2007) J. Env. Qual., 36, pp. 773-779 ;\n Varel, V.H., Wells, J.E., Miller, D.N., Combination of a urease inhibitor and a plant essential oil to control coliform bacteria, odour production, and ammonia loss from cattle waste (2007) J. Appl. Microbiol., 102, pp. 472-477 ;\n Veldhuizen, E.J., Tjeerdsma-van, J.L., Bokhoven, C., Zweijtzer, S.A., Haagsman, H.P., Structural requirements for the antimicrobial activity of carvacrol (2006) J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, pp. 1874-1879 ;\n Venkitanarayanan, K., Kollanoor-Johny, A., Darre, M.J., Donoghue, A.M., Donoghue, D.J., Use of plant-derived antimicrobials for improving the safety of poultry products (2013) Poult. Sci., 2, pp. 493-501 ;\n Venu, S., Naik, D.B., Sarkar, S.K., Usha, K., Aravind, A., Aravindakumar, C.T., Oxidation reactions of thymol: a pulse radiolysis and theoretical study (2013) J. Phys. Chem. A., 117, pp. 291-299 ;\n Wade, A., Reynolds, J.E.F., (1997) Martindale-the Extra Pharmacopoeia, , The Pharmaceutical Press, London: ;\n Wafa, T., Amel, N., Issam, C., Imed, C., Abdelhedi, M., Mohamed, H., Subacute effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic herbicide on antioxidant defensesystem and lipid peroxidation in rat erythrocytes (2011) Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 99, pp. 256-264 ;\n Wang, C.X., Mi, Z.H., Imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing IMP-1 metallo-b-lactamases and lacking the outer-membrane protein oprd (2006) J. Med. Microbiol., 55, pp. 353-354 ;\n Wells, J.E., Berry, E.D., Guerini, M.N., Varel, V.H., Evaluation of essential oils in beef cattle manure slurries and applications of select compounds to beef feedlot surfaces to control zoonotic pathogens (2015) J. Appl. Microbiol., 118, pp. 295-304 ;\n Williams, R.T., (1959) Detoxication Mechanisms, , Chapman and Hall, London: ;\n Wl, L., Hs, C., Mh, L., Cl, W., Cf, L., Yc, T., Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 by thymol-related monoterpenoids (2012) Planta Med., 78, pp. 1636-1638 ;\n Xu, J., Zhou, F., Ji, B.P., Pei, R.S., Xu, N., The antibacterial mechanism of carvacrol and thymol against Escherichia coli (2008) Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 47, pp. 174-179 ;\n Yanishlieva, N.V., Marinova, E.M., M.H. Gordon andV.G. Raneva, Antioxidant activity and mechanism of action of thymol and carvacrol in two lipid systems (1999) Food Chem., 64 (1), pp. 59-66 ;\n Yesilbag, D., Eren, M., Agel, H., Kovanlikaya, A., Balci, F., Effects of dietary rosemary, rosemary volatile oil and vitamin E on broiler performance, meat quality and serum SOD activity (2011) Br. Poult. Sci., 52, pp. 472-482 ;\n Youdim, K.A., Deans, S.G., Effect of thyme oil and thymol dietary supplementation on the antioxidant status and fatty acid composition of the ageing rat brain (2000) Br. J. Nutr., 83, pp. 87-93 ;\n Zamureenko, V.A., Klyuev, N.A., Bocharov, B.V., Kabanov, V.S., Zakharov, A.M., An investigation of the component composition of the essential oil of Monarda fistulosa (1986) Chem. Nat. Comp., 25, pp. 549-551 ;\n Zarrini, G., Bahari-Delgosha, Z., Mollazadeh-Moghaddam, K., Shahverdi, A.R., (2010) Post-antibacterial effect of thymol. Pharmaceut. Boil., 48, pp. 633-636 ;\n Zarzuelo, A., Crespo, E., (2002) The medicinal and non-medicinal uses of thyme. In: Thyme: The Genus Thymus. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants-Industrial Profiles, pp. 263-292. , Stahl-Biskup E., Saez F., (eds), Taylor and Francis, New York, NY: ;\n Zheng, Z.L., Tan, J.Y.W., Liu, H.Y., Zhou, X.H., Xiang, X., Wang, K.Y., Evaluation of oregano essential oil (Origanum heracleoticum L.) on growth, antioxidant effect and resistanceagainst Aeromonas hydrophila in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) (2009) Aquaculture, 292, pp. 214-218 ;\n Zhou, F., Ji, B., Zhang, H., Jiang, H., Yang, Z., Li, J., Ren, Y., Yan, W., Synergistic effect of thymol and carvacrol combined with chelators and organic acids against Salmonella typhimurium (2007) J. Food Prot., 70, pp. 1704-1709 ;\n Zima, T., Spicka, I., Stipek, S., Crkovska, J., Platenik, J., Merta, M., Nemecek, K., Tesar, V., Lipid peroxidation and activity of antioxidative enzymes in patients with multiple myeloma patients (1996) Cas. Lek. Cesk., 135, pp. 14-17", "hasCitationDuplums" : false, "userChangeableUntil" : "2020-04-28T13:02:06.792+0000", "directInstitutesForSort" : "", "ownerAuthorCount" : 6, "ownerInstituteCount" : 23, "directInstituteCount" : 0, "authorCount" : 8, "contributorCount" : 0, "hasQualityFactor" : true, "link" : "/api/publication/31294981", "label" : "Ezzat Abd El-Hack et al. Beneficial impacts of thymol essential oil on health and production of animals, fish and poultry: a review. (2016) JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 1041-2905 2163-8152 28 5 365-382", "template" : "